Grammar of Shina Language And Vocabulary

Grammar of Shina LanguageAndVocabulary(Based on the dialect spoken around Dras)B. B. RajapurohitFormer Professor-cum-Deputy Director,Central Institute of Indian Languages,Mysore 570 009India2012

2Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyGrammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary:Dr.B.B. Rajapurohit,M.A., Ph.D., Diploma in Linguistics, Certificate in Acoustic Phonetics, (USSR)Professor-cum-Deputy Director (1971-1991)Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore,Visiting Professor:Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Tokyo, (2 years)International School of Dravidian Linguistics, Trivandrum.Telephone:(+91-821) 2540 914; Mobile: +91-98454 54750

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 3ContentsBrief biography of the author ... ... ... ... ... 6Foreword ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9Acknowledgments ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 121. Preface ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 131.1. Extent of Shina language ... ... ... ... ... 15Map of Dras Valley with Distribution of Shina 162. General Phonetics ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 172.1. Phonology ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 172.2. Organs of Speech ... ... ... ... ... ... … 172.3. Nature of Speech Organs ... ... ... ... … 182.4. Phonetic Activity in the Three Areas ... ... 192.5. Manner of Articulation ... ... ... ... ... 222.6. Identification of Sounds ... ... ... ... ... 232.7. Articulation of Vowels ... ... ... ... ... 242.8. Modification of Articulation ... ... ... ... 263. Grammar of Shina ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 283.1. Phonology of Shina ... ... ... ... ... ... 283.1.1. Inventory of Vowel Phonemes ... ... 283.1.2. Supra-segmental Features ... ... ... 303.2. Distribution of Vowel Phonemes ... ... ... 313.3. Key to the Chart ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 323.4. Diphthongs ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 324. Inventory of Consonant Phonemes ... ... ... ... 334.1. Marginally Occurring Sounds: Distribution … 344.2. Distribution of Consonant Phonemes ... ... 364.3. Occurrence of Consonant Phonemes ... ... 384.4. Key to the Chart ... ... ... ... ... ... … 395. Morphology of Shina ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 415.1. Noun Morphology ... ... ... ... ... ... 415.2. Pronouns ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 445.3. Gender ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 455.4. Case Suffixes ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 46

4Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary5.5. Adjectives ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 495.6. Compounds ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 515.7. Reduplication ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 526. Verb Morphology of Shina ... ... ... ... ... ... 526.1. Finite Verbs ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 547. Sentences ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 577.1. Intonation of sentences ... ... ... ... ... 588. Writing system for Shina language ... ... ... ... 598.1. Scripts recommended for Shina ... ... … 608.1.1. Perso Arabic script ... ... ... ... ... … 608.1.2. Writing system for Perso Arabic andDevanagari Scripts ... ... ... ... ... 628.1.3. Alphabet for Perso Arabic writing ... ... … 668.1.4. The Devanagari script ... ... ... ... ... 688.1.5. Writing system for Devanagari Script ... … 699. Shina Language Vocabulary ... ... ... ... ... 749.1. Earth, sky, water etc. ... ... ... ... ... … 779.2. Mankind, Sex, family, Relationship etc. ... … 799.3. Animals, birds etc ... ... ... ... ... ... 849.4. Parts of the body, conditions and functions … 889.5. Food, drinks, cooking and utensils ... ... … 939.6. Clothing, ornaments, care etc. ... ... ... … 969.7. House and parts of it ... ... ... ... ... ... 999.8. Farming,gardening,trees,vegetables and fruits 1029.9. Professions and professional equipment ... … 1079.10. Road transport ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1099.11. Adverbs and adjectives ... ... ... ... ... 1109.12. Directions and measurements ... ... ... … 1159.13. Numerals and ordinals ... ... ... ... ... 1169.14. Time, months and seasons ... ... ... … 1149.15. Sense of perception ... ... ... ... ... … 1219.16. Emotion, temperament, moral and aesthetic 1229.17. Education ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1249.18. Government ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1269.19. War ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1279.20. Law ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 129

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 59.21. Religion ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1329.22. Games and sport ... ... ... ... ... ... … 1349.23. Entertainment, music, dance, drama etc. ... 1359.24. Metals ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1369.25. Functional words ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1379.26. Verbs ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1399.27. Miscellaneous: specific to the area ... ... … 165Bibliography of the studies of Shina language ... 167

6Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyBrief biography of the author:Date of birth: 20 th May 1935Academic record:1. B.A. (Hons) 1957, Karnatak College, Dharwad, India.2. M.A. 1959, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India.3. Diploma in Linguistics 1963, Deccan College, Pune.4. Ph.D. 1965, Karnatak University, on "A Grammar ofVachana Literature"5. Certificate in Acoustic Phonetics, 1979, Leningrad StateUniversity, USSR.Languages known:Kannada, English, Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Malayalam.Prizes and scholarships:1. Kannada literary prize, 1956.2. Vidyaranya Prize, 1957.3. Karnatak University Scholarship during M.A. (1957-59)4. Karnatak University Research Fellowship, for Ph.D. 59-615. National Research Scholarship in Humanities ofGovt. of India, (1961-63)

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 7Teaching and Research Experience:1. Lecturer in Kannada, Poornaprajna College, Udupi, 63-67.2. Lecturer in Kannada and Linguistics, Dept. of Linguistics,Kerala University, Trivandrum, 1967-71.3. Reader-cum-Research Officer, Central Institute of IndianLanguages, Mysore, 1971-90.4. Professor-cum-Deputy Director, Central Institute of IndianLanguages, Mysore, 1990-91.5. Visiting Research Professor, Tokyo University of ForeignStudies, Tokyo, 1991-92 and 1994-95. (two years)6. Honorary Visiting Professor, International School ofDravidian Linguistics, Trivandrum, 1991-92 and 94-95.Membership of Learned bodies:1. Life Member, Linguistic Society of India, Pune.2. Life Member, Dravidian Linguistic Association,Trivandurm.3. Life Member and Organizing Secretary, Phonetics Societyof India, Mysore.4. Member, Place Names Society of India, Mysore.5. Member, International Society for Phonetic Sciences,Florida University, Florida, USA.6. Member, Board of Advisors to Government of Karnatakaon the recognition of Kannada as Classical Language.Publications: Books:1. Intensive Course in Kannada, 2006. DLA, Trivandrum.2. Acoustic Characteristics of Kannada,1982,CIIL, Mysore.3. Shina Phonetic Reader, 1983, CIIL, Mysore.4. Papers in Phonetics and Phonology, (Ed) 1984, CIIL,Mysore.5. Studies in Indian Place Names, vol.IV, (Co-Ed) 1984,Geetha Book House, Mysore.

8Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary6. Studies in Indian Place Names, vol.V, (Co-Ed) 1984,Geetha Book House, Mysore.7. Acoustic Studies in Indian Languages, (Ed) 1986, CIIL,Mysore.8. Foundation Course in Kannada, (in 4 vols), (Ed) 1988,IGNOU, New Delhi.9. Technology and Languages, (Ed) 1994, CIIL, Mysore,10. Phonetics and its Application to Different Areas: (inpress) C.I.I.L. Mysore.11. Kannada English Japanese Dictionary, with N.Uchida,(in press), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Tokyo.12-33. Twentytwo books in Kannada on different topics.(Updated up to 1st July 2012)

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 9Foreword:The field work on Shina language spoken in Dras andthe villages around Dras, was undertaken in the years from1971 to 73, during the summer months. The Central Instituteof Indian Languages, (CIIL) where I was working as a SeniorResearch Officer at that time, deputed me to collect the dataon Shina language and analyze it to prepare Phonetic Readerand Grammar of that language.During early 70’s the Ladakh district was a prohibitedarea, because of the wars with Pakistan and China. Hencethose who intended to visit Ladakh district had to takespecial permission from the Ministry of Home Affairs of theGovernment of India. A further permission from the LadakhAffairs Department of the Jammu and Kashmir Governmentwas also required to enter Ladakh district.The CIIL deputed three more persons along with me, towork on Purki (Balti), Brokskat and Ladakhi. The team offour persons, including me, left for New Delhi to obtain therequired permission to enter Ladakh, from the Governmentof India. After obtaining the special permission from theGovernment of India, we went up to Jammu Tawi by rail andtraveled further up to Srinagar by bus. The distance fromJammu to Srinagar is about 300 kilometers. We decided totravel by bus as the journey by road would be a thrillingexperience.The transport facilities in that area were limited in theearly years of 70’s and air travel and the road travel were theonly two options. We opted for road travel and decided totake a bus.The bus left Jammu in the early morning and waspassing through a hill station, Patni top, which is at an

10Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabularyaltitude of 6650 ft. above sea level. The driver stopped thebus at Patni top and we got out of the bus to enjoy the beautyof nature. We felt as though the smoky wind was blowingaround us. But the bus driver explained that they were not thesmoky wind but the clouds. We were excited to hear thatbecause we were traveling in the clouds like mythologicalheroes.Next thrilling experience in the afternoon was the travelthrough Nehru tunnel near Srinagar. This tunnel is 2.5kilometers long. When we entered the tunnel, it was all darkand the other end was not visible at all. After a travel of fewminutes, the other end was seen like a white spot in thebackground of dark wall.On arrival in Srinagar, we took rooms in the TouristReception Centre, in the heart of the city and the next day wewent to the office of the Ladakh Department of theGovernment of Jammu and Kashmir. The under-secretaryMr. Vaishnavi was very cooperative. He not only got us thepermission to enter Ladakh but got the government jeep withpetrol, to take us to Kargil. The jeep was a powerful one withan option of four wheel drive to climb difficult steepmountains in four wheel drive gear.Since we were living in south India, we were used to thealtitude of 2-3 thousand feet. Hence we were advised that weshould go slowly climbing the altitude to get acclimatizedwith the altitude step by step. Thus we halted for a day inSonamarg, which at an altitude of 9200 feet. The glaciers andthe mountain ranges around Sonamarg are simply thrilling.The driver of our jeep was an experienced man to drivewith ease and cross the Zojila Pass, which at an altitude of11,600 ft. It is said to be the second highest pass on SrinagarLeh highway. The first highest one being Fotula, betweenKargil and Leh, which has an altitude of 13,500 ft.While passing through Zojila we felt that we had to takedeep breath to fill our lungs with oxygen. This was anexperience that the oxygen becomes rare as we go higher

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 11altitudes. The driver took us safely to Kargil and the localgovernment authorities made arrangements for our stay in theDak Bungalow. We settled there and started to plan to workon our respective languages.I enquired the local merchants about the speakers ofShina Language and requested them to send them to me.Thus within a day or two speakers of Shina language startedcoming to meet me. After the preliminary introduction, Iexamined their suitability as informant and collected somesample data.We had a standard questionnaire containing a list of2500 words for vocabulary, 400 words for declensions andconjugations of nouns and verbs and 1000 sentences. The listwas carefully prepared to collect all varieties of possibleutterances.There were variations from speaker to speaker but aninformant who was representing the most popular way wasselected for the collection of data in detail. Yet the datacollected was cross checked with the other informants to testthe reliability.The data was transcribed using the IPA symbols, so thatany one who knows the articulatory values of the symbolswould be able to pronounce the words and sentences in thesame way as the native speakers do.The next stage was to analyze the data for preparing thephonetic reader and the grammar. The idea of the `PhoneticReader’ was to enable the Shina-speaking community to getawareness about their language and help them to write intheir own language and introduce Shina in the first fourstandards of the primary school, so that the children wouldget acquainted with their own language. The idea ofGrammar was to give them a tool to scientifically handletheir language and give them the confidence that theirlanguage is in no way less than the other languages. Here arethe Grammar and Vocabulary of Shina language.

12Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyAcknowledgments:I should express my deep gratitudeTo theCentral Institute of Indian Languages,(Ministry of Human Resource Development,Government of India)For encouraging me to undertake theData collection in 1971-73 and analysisOf Shina language spoken in and around Dras,In Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir state.I should also express my thanks toInformants:1. Mohammad Shafi Drasi (hails from Dras)Electrical Department, Leh,2. Daulat Ali (hails from Kurutyal, Ranbirpur)Teacher, Primary School, Dras,3. Hazi Gulam Mohiuddin (hails from Holyal)Teacher, High School, Dras,4. Gulam Mohammad Mir (hails from Kurutyal)Teacher, High School, Dras,5. Abdul Aziz (hails from Goshan, Dras)Teacher, Government High School, Dras,6. Abdul Rashid Drasi (hails from Khunda, Dras)Electrical Department, Dras.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 131. PrefaceThe Ministry of Human Resource Development of theGovernment of India, had decided to implement the mothertongue of the child as the medium of instruction in theprimary schools from 1st standard to 4th standard. Thisdecision was taken considering the difficulties the children ofthe age group between 6-9 were facing in picking up thesubjects taught through the medium of language of schooleducation. The language factor, that is, the medium ofeducation in the schools being different from the languagespoken at home, was the main reason for the children to dropout of the school because the children were not able to copewith the situation. Continuous efforts were being made bythe Human Resource Development of the Government ofIndia to solve the problem, and the culminating step was toform an act for the purpose. The act is known as Section 29of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education(RTE) Act, 2009. It is dated 31st January, 2012. The act hastwo sub-sections and they are as follows:Section 29(1) of the RTE Act provides that thecurriculum and evaluation procedure for elementaryeducation shall be laid down by an academic authorityspecified by the appropriate Government.Section 29(2) lays down the factors which need to betaken into consideration by the academic authority notifiedby the States for preparing the curriculum and evaluationprocedure, namely:(a) Conformity with Constitutional values;(b) All round development of the child;(c) Building up the child’s knowledge, potentiality andtalent;

14Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary(d) Development of physical and mental abilities to thefullest extent;(e) Learning through activities, discovery andexploration in a child friendly and child-centered manner;(f) The child’s mother tongue serving ‘as far aspracticable’ as the medium of instruction;(g) Making the child free of fear, trauma and anxiety andhelping the child to express views freely and(h) Comprehensive and continuous evaluation of thechild’s understanding and knowledge and the ability to applyit.The Govt. of India also volunteered itself in conductingthe conferences and meetings, and encouraging theorganizations under it to organize national and internationalconferences. Two such recent meetings should be mademention of.One was the international conference jointly organizedby the National Multilingual Education Resource Consortium(NMRC) and Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), incollaboration with UNICEF, UNESCO, NCERT, NUEPAand other national institutions on the subject “InternationalConsultative Meet and Strategy Dialogue on Mother TongueBased Multilingual Education: Framework, Strategies andImplementation. It was held at CIIL, Mysore from September19 – 21, 2011.The second one was the Conference of the StateEducation Ministers held by the Ministry of HumanResource Development, Government of India, on 22ndFebruary 2012, in New Delhi.It is gratifying to note that the Govt. of India is seriouslyconcerned with the problem and making serious attempts tosolve the problem although the solution does not seem to beeasy, considering the extent of the details involved in thetopic. One prominent problem is that of non-availability ofgrammar and script for many of the tribal and rurallanguages, and very few attempts have been made to develop

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 15them. It appears that the Govt. of India has sensed it inSection 29(2)(f) in saying: `The child’s mother tongueserving ‘as far as practicable’ as the medium of instruction.’Unless the grammar and script are developed for all spokenlanguages, it is impossible to think of preparing the texts forthe children to study in their mother tongue. This is probablyimplied in the phrase, ‘as far as practicable.’In this direction the present work, Grammar of ShinaLanguage and Vocabulary attempts to prepare the grammarfor Shina language spoken in and around Dras of Kargildistrict of Jammu & Kashmir state. It also tries to evolvemodified Urdu script for writing down the language.Modified Urdu script is proposed because Urdu is theprominent language of the area. Modified Devanagari scriptis also suggested in case it is opted for writing the language.Since Shina is a member of the family of Indo Aryanlanguages, suggestion of adopting modified Devanagari islogically possible to be accepted.The present grammar of Shina language will help indeveloping the texts in the text books and the vocabularyshould come handy in building up the lessons on varioustopics. Once this process is completed, it will help toimplement Shina language as the medium of instruction inthe primary schools.1.1. Extent of Shina language:The Shina language belongs to Dardic branch of Indo-Aryan family of languages. The speakers of that language inIndia are said to be about 21,000, according to census ofIndia 2001. They are distributed over a large hilly area andthe communication and transport facilities are minimal. Yetthe teachers in the schools in the area are enthusiastic aboutthe implementation of their language as the medium ofeducation in the primary standards. The map on thefollowing page shows the distribution of Shina speakers.

16Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyIt is evident from the above map that the maximumnumber of speakers is in the area around Karkit and Kharbunear Kargil. The second area is around Goshan, Prandras andGindyal. It may also be noticed that Prandras and Kharbu areon the highway from Zoji La (Zoji pass) to Leh. Kargil beingthe district head quarters, it should be easy to watch theprogress of implementation of Shina as mother tongue in theschools.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 172.1. Phonology:2. General PhoneticsThe phonology of Shina is described in terms of generalphonetics. Hence it would be necessary to explain theprinciples of general phonetics.2.2. Organs of Speech:Let us now look at the cross section of the human head.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 19increases the volume of the oral cavity. In case of the mostopenly articulated sounds the mandible is openedapproximately half of its full capacity of opening. Thesideways movement of the jaw is not relevant in speechproduction.The speech organs are also classified into two categorieson the basis of their function in the process of speechproduction.One category is known as the àrticulators’, which touchor approximate at some point in the oral cavity. For example,the lower lip and the tongue.Another category is known as the `points ofarticulation’, which are the areas, which the articulatorstouch or move towards. These are for example, upper lip,upper teeth, tooth ridge, hard palate, velum, uvula and theback of the tongue.The earlier classification of speech organs on the basisof their physiological nature as stationary and movableshould not be confused to correspond with the latterclassification on the basis their function. However, somegeneral relationships may be brought out. An articulator hasto be movable, but the point of articulation need notnecessarily be stationary.2.4. Phonetic Activity in the Three Areas:The phonetic activity in the three main areas (which aremarked by the broken lines in figure 1) in which any kind ofoperation of speech organs becomes a part of the characteristicfeature of a particular sound.The area A is the glottal region, where the state of theglottis is taken into consideration while determining thenature of a sound.The state of the glottis is determined by the function ofthe vocal cords. The vocal cords remain apart at the time ofbreathing. They tightly close as they do at the time of holding

20Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabularybreath. The ligament portion vibrates at the time of voicing,and the cartilaginous portion vibrates at the time of murmur.Like a musical instrument the vocal cords are capable of finevariation of pitch. The sounds produced when the vocal cordsvibrate are known as the voiced sounds and the soundsproduced when the vocal cords do not vibrate are known asvoiceless sounds.In the area B, there is a valve known as the velic, whichwhen raised closes the nasal passage. The air, then, passesthrough the oral passage, and thus the oral sounds areproduced.On the other hand, the oral passage may be closed,somewhere in the oral cavity, and the air may be allowed topass through the nasal cavity to produce nasal sounds.Depending upon the point of the oral closure, the nasalswould be differentiated. It is also possible to allow the air topass through both the passages, yielding the nasalizedsounds. Sometimes the air may be completely blocked by theclosure of both the passages, in which case the unreleasedsounds will be produced.The following table shows the nature of sounds on thebasis of air release.Nasal passageOpenClosedOral passageNasalized Oral sounds:, ,ẽ a,i,u,eClosed Nasals: Unreleasedm,ɲ,ɳ sounds: ,d ,gThe area C is an important one because many of thearticulatory features are determined by the movement of thearticulators. It should be noted that the symbols given in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 2005, are used.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 21The following figure 2 shows the direction of themovement of the articulator towards the point of articulation.This constitutes one dimension of the nomenclature ofthe sounds. The other dimension of the nomenclature is themanner of articulation. This is the manner in which thesounds are articulated. It may be noted that in the same placeof articulation different manners of articulations are possible.For example, plosive, fricative, trill etc. are the soundsproduced by different manners of articulations in the sameplace of articulation.The nasal sounds are produced with the nasal passageopened and the oral passage closed at some point in the oralcavity. The nasals can be continued, like the vowels, till thestock of breath in the lungs lasts. It is not necessary that avowel should be released after the nasal.The oral sounds are produced with the oral passageopened and the nasal passage closedThe nasalized sounds are the ones produced with boththe oral and nasal passages opened.The numbers in the above figure indicate the nature ofthe sounds produced. They are as follows:

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 25structure of the tongue. In case of low back position thetongue is moved back as much as it is moved in case of highback position.These four positions form the vertices of a trapezium,which is popularly known as vowel triangle. The followingfigure 3, would illustrate the four positions.A = High front position, B = High back position,C = Low back position, D = Low front position.The range of tongue height from low to high is againsub-divided into 3,4,5,6, or 7 points, like high, mid, low orclose, half close, half open, open etc. depending upon thenecessity created by the contrasting vowels. The range offorward and backward movement of the tongue is generallysub-divided into three points, like front, central and back.For the description of vowels of Shina language, fourlevels of tongue height are found to be sufficient. Theselevels are high, lower high, higher low and low,corresponding to close, half close, half open, open.In addition to the dimensions of tongue height and theforward-backward movement of the tongue, there is a thirddimension which is also important in the description of

26Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabularyvowels. That is the lip rounding. The vowels pronouncedwith partly or fully rounded lips are known as roundedvowels. The vowels pronounced with lips in the normalposition or widely spread position is known as unroundedvowels. Thus [i] is identified as high front unrounded voweland [u] is identified as high back rounded vowel, and so on.The vowel triangle or trapezium works well for alllanguages. Hence given any vowel one should be able toidentify its place in the triangle. The vowels a, i, u, e, o havesimilar description in whatever language they occur.All vowels are capable of forming the nucleus of asyllable. But there are some vowel-like articulations whichcannot form the nucleus of the syllable. They are semivowelsor approximants, like [w], a voiced labial-velarapproximant in the IPA, is a bilabial approximant in ourdescription and [y] is a high front rounded vowel in the IPAis a palatal approximant here in our description.The syllabic [ṛ], [ḷ] and [ṃ] also appear in the data. Thesyllabic [ṛ] occurs in the words like [ʌtṛ] `perfume’, wherethe stop [t] is released into [ṛ]. In [ʃkḷ] `shape’, [ḷ] issyllabic and in [nzṃ] `poetry’, [ṃ] is syllabic.2.8. Modification of articulation:In any natural language, all vowels and consonants arenot found in their pure form as described above. Some ofthem might occur with modification.With reference to Shina language two types of vowelmodifications are seen:(a) Stress and (b) Nasalization.which vowels geton the vowel. Nasalization is the coloring

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 27on the vowel. These two simultaneous activities will have tobe accounted for because the meanings of words getdistinguished by these activities.With reference to Shina language two types of consonantmodifications are observed:(a) Affrication and (b) AspirationAffrication is a release of a stop consonant into thefricative in quick succession. For example, when alveolarstop [t] is released into alveolar fricative [s], alveolaraffricate [ʦ] is generated. When alveolar stop [t] is releasedinto palatal fricative [ʃ], palatal affricate [ʧ] is generated.When retroflex stop [ʈ] is released into retroflex fricative [ʂ],a retroflex affricate [ʈʂ] is generated. It should be noted thatthe state of the glottis has to be the same. Here all arevoiceless consonants. The affrication of voiceless [t] or [ʈ]and voiced [z], [ʐ] or [ʒ] will not be articulatory possibility.However, it is possible to have the voiced counterparts ofthese affricates. For example,The voiced counterpart of [ʦ] is [ʣ], the voicedcounterpart of [ʧ] is [ʤ] and the voiced counterpart of [ʈʂ] is[ɖʐ]. Although [ʈʂ] occurs in the Shina language, [ɖʐ] doesnot occur.Aspiration is a release of a consonant with an extra puffof air coming out of the lungs. Peter Ladefoged identifies abrief period of voicelessness after the stop is released. Thatperiod is of the duration of less than 5 milliseconds. It isobserved only on the spectrograms but it is not audible. Thepuff of air is similar to that of the one found in thepronunciation of [h]. Since voiced aspirates are not found inShina, the occurrence of its voiced variety [ɦ] in aspirates isruled out, although it rarely occurs independently. Aspiratesare treated as unsegmentable sequences of consonant and [h].Thus the stops p, t, ʈ, k occur with their respective aspiratedcounterparts, p h , t h , ʈ h , k h and the affricates ʦ, ʧ, ʈʂ occur withtheir aspirated counterparts, ʦ h , ʧ h , ʈʂ h .

28Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary3.1. Phonology of Shina:3. Grammar of ShinaThere are 10 segmental vowel phonemes and 3suprasegmental phonemes in Shina and 38 consonantphonemes. The phonemes and the distribution of theirallophones is explained here. Most of the vowel phonemesrealize as only one sound phonetically. But a few phonemesrealize as more than one sound. The realizations arepredictable in terms of environment. They are known asallophones. It is a convention to enclose phonemes in / /.3.1.1. Inventory of vowel phonemes: Segmental sounds:Front Mid BackHigh /i/ /u/Lower high /e/ /o/Higher low /ɛ/ /ə/ /ʌ/,/ɔ/Low/a/Length: /:/Supra-segmental sounds: ].The Shina language has nine vowels, as listed above. Allof them occur with length to contrast the meaning. That is,on the basis of length of the vowel the meaning changes.Hence length is identified an independent phoneme /:/. Thelength, as a phoneme, is also called `chroneme’ by somelinguists.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 29To illustrate the contrast of length, minimally contrastingpairs are not available in the data. However the occurrence ofshort and long varieties of vowels is available in differentenvironments. The following examples may be examined.[k h aʧí:lo] `Lean’ [k h a:r] `Sympathy’[ʧ h íme k h á:mo] Kingfisher [ʧ h í:mo] `Fish’[ʧiʧél] `Clay’[ʧé:v t h ók] `Tea plant’[p h ɛrɛ] Àgain’ [p:dʌl] `By foot’[ʧúɳo] `Small, young [ʧú:ʈo] `Dwarf’[kore] `Big cup’ [ko:rʈ] À kind of animal’[pʌtó:] Àfterwards’ [p:ʈe] `Leaves[dəmn] `True’ [yʈʂə:lo] Ìnsanity’Short and long varieties of vowels i,e,ɛ,a,u,o,u,ə areavailable in the above examples. But for [ɔ], its shortvariety is available in the words like [ʧɔl] `Dawn’ and itslong variety is not available.Sometimes the informants used to pronounce thewords with length on different vowels. For example, forÌnsanity’ some gave [yʈʂə:lo] and for `Madness’ someothers gave [yʈʂəlo]. Such variations in pronunciation arenot unnatural.I], high central unrounded vowel [ɨ] andslightly lower than high unrounded vowel [ ] were recordedin the words:] `Wall’ ] (~[gut]) `Pendal (tent)’[gɨɳyó:no] Ìnitiate’ [bír ] `Lake’Since these were the alternative pronunciations, of someinformants, those vowels are not included in the inventory.

30Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary3.1.2. Supra-segmental features:The stressed vowels are generally long although shortstressed vowels also occur. For example:[hí:n] Ìce, hail’ [ʂé:ʋ] `blind’[káko] `brother’ [bɽo] èlder, big[bíro] `male’[bíri] `well (water)’[k h úkuɳ] `pigeon pea’ [k h ó:no] `to eat ‘contrasts in the following minimal pairs. Itoptionally occurs on the monosyllabic words:[áʐo] `cloud’,[aʐó] ìnside’[ɖaŋó] Bridge[ɖŋo] `high’Similarly, the nasalization occurs on eight vowels ofthe total nine vowels. That is, it occurs on a,i,u,e,o,ɛ,ə,ʌ andit does not occur on [ɔ] in the data. Although contrastingminimal pairs are not found, the nasalized vowels occur in anumber of words which are not acceptable by the nativespeakers, without the nasalization. The following wordsillustrate the nasalized vowels and diphthongs.] `Ladder’ ] `Rice’] `Louse’ [ʃĩ:ʃé:r] `Saturday’[krĩ:] `Derm’:] `Pestle’] `Pickle’ [p h y:li] `Shovel’:ʂʈ] Èight’:] `Breath’] `Tree’ ] Èar ring (big)Sometimes the stressed vowels show [ə] (shwa) glide.The [ə] glide may be the result of the extra stress also.[dá:ʂʈ] `yard stick’ is pronounced as [dá:əʂʈ].[yó:ŋ] `forehead’ is pronounced as [yó:əŋ].

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 31one word, the pos] occurs at the end of only]. For example, [ʈʂ h ] `Tears’3.2. Distribution of vowel phonemes:The following table shows the occurrence of vowels inthe initial, medial and final positions. The key words follow:Vowel Initial Medial Finali 1 2 3i: 4 5 6e 7 8 9e: 10 11 12ɛ 13 14ɛ: 15 16ə 17 18ə: 19a 20 21 22a: 23 24 25o 26 27 28o: 29 30 31u 32 33 34u: 35 36 37ʌ 38 39ʌ: 40ɔ 41ɔ:

32Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary3.3. Key to the chart:1. [iʂ] `Bear’ 2. [bírI] `Lake’3. [p h ilí:lI] Ànt’ 4. [í:l] `Stream’2. [gí:ro] `Rock’ 6. [ʃʌdí:] `Monkey’7. [ékbo] Àlone’ 5. [nezá:] `Spear’9. [p:ʈo] `Wing’ 10. [é:lo] Àttachment’11. [ɦe:ʋán] Ànimal’ 12. [ʤe:] `Some one’13. [síŋɛl] `Sand’ 14. [p h úŋɛ] `Moustache’12. [:la] `Prime 16. [ok:no] `Dig’17. [əyáv]`Coriander seed’ 15. [məki] `Maize’19. [yʈʂə:lo] Ìnsanity’ 20. [áʐo] `Cloud’21. [ɖaŋó] `Bridge’ 22. [bʌná] `Boundary’23. [á:ʈe] `Flour’ 24. [ʧáʈo] `Dumb’22. [ʐa:] `Brother’ 26. [(ʔ)ózur] `Protest’27. [ɖóɾo] `Hail’ 25. [ʧomó:] `Nun’29. [ó:ʃ] `Wind’ 30. [ló:lo] `Red’31. [kro:] `Chest’ 32. [udú:] `Dust’33. [ɦúluk] `Sweat’ 34. [píʃu] `Cat (male)’32. [u:ʂ] `Debt’ 36. [musú:ʈi] `Beak’37. [kaɣú:] `Fog’ ] `Finger’39. [bʌʃóno] Ècho’ 40. [k h :ʈo] `Lid’41. [ʧɔl] `Dawn’3.4. Diphthongs:The diphthongs or the sequences of vowels in Shina arevery interesting. Two vowels of different nature appear insequence. Rarely stressed and unstressed same vowelsequence is also found. (As: aá). However three vowelsequences do not occur. Of the two vowels, the first one maybe stressed or the second one may be stressed or neither maybe stressed. The first one may be stressed and/or nasalized orthe second one may be stressed. But the second one stressedand nasalized is not available. The diphthongs of the above

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 33combinations are as follows: i:ə, éə, éi, úe, úi, ói, óə, uí, ué, aá, uú, ei., ĩ, áe, áo, éə, i,4. Inventory of consonant phonemes:There are 49 consonants in Shina language. They arelisted in the beginning of vocabulary. On the basis of theirdistribution, 38 consonants acquire the status of phoneme.The other 11 consonants marginally occur in the borrowedwords from Urdu, Balti, Kashmiri or English. They alsooccur in some native words as alternative pronunciation.These are described after the main consonants.The 38 consonant phonemes of Shina are tabulatedbelow on the basis of their articulatory properties.Bila- Labio- Alve- Retro- Pala- Ve- Uv- Globialdental olar flex tal lar ular ttalS vl- p t ʈ kt unovl- p h t h ʈ h k hp assvd- b d ɖ gun-Af vl- ʦ ʈʂ ʧfr unicvl- ʦ h ʈʂ h ʧ hat asesvd- ʣ ʤun-Nasals- m n ɳ ŋLat.Approximantl

34Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyBila- Labio- Alve- Retro- Pala- Ve- Uv- Globialdental olar flex tal lar ular ttalTrillrFrica- vl s ʂ ʃ x htives vd z ʐ ʒ ɣ ɦAppro- ʋ yximants4.1. Marginally occurring sounds and their distribution:The occurrence 11 consonants is marginal. Hence theyare not having the status of phoneme. The occurrence ofthese consonants may be due to influence of other languagesalso. They are as follows:q ʔ ɱ ɲ ɾ ɽ ɸ β f w ð χ.They do not show any contrast with other words. Further insome examples, they occur in free variation with the othersounds, or they occur in definable environments. Hence theydo not get the status of phonemes. Their occurrence is notedbelow:Sounds occurring in free variation:[q] occurs in free variation with [k]. For example:[toqlé:] ~ [toklé:] `pan’ [ka:lí:n] ~ [qa:lí:n] `carpet’[ʔ] occurs in free variation with its absence. For example:[ʔóŋo] ~ [óŋo] `sickle’ [ʔé:li] ~ [é:li] `near’[ʔʌʃ] ~ [ʌʃ] `today’ [ʔəmn] ~ [əmn] `peace’] `he/it goes’. for example,

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 35Sounds occurring in predictable environments:[ɲ] occurs before palatal affricates, [ʧ] or [ʤ] only.[ʃɲʧi] àn animal’ [ʧɲʧul] `snail’[kʌɲʤú:s] `miser’ [giɲʤá:] `church’[ɾ] occurs in between the vowels, in an isolated example:[ɖóɾo] `hail’ and its plural form [ɖóɾe]whereas [r] occurs in all the three positions:[ráðo ʃá:] `boiled vegetable’;[tóri] ~ [torí:] ìsthmus’;[so:r] ~[so:ər] ìce’[ɽ] occurs medially between vowels and in final position:[kəɽá:r] `knife’ [gʌɽá:] àxe’[bɽo] `big’[pa:p:ɽ] `Papad’[k h ʌɽk] `moss’ [p h aɽáro] `bald’[ɸ] occurs medially between vowels in an isolated word:[bʌɸúr] `fur’.[β] occurs medially between vowels in isolated words:[ʧuβo] `silently’ [taβʌrúk] `something’[ʧa:βi dyó:no] `wind (clock)’[f] occurs medially followed by [s] in a few borrowed words:[mirá:fs] `descendents’ [ʌfsú:s] Àlas!’[əfsər] òfficer’[w] occurs initially and medially as an alternativepronunciation of [υ] in the native and borrowedwords:[wʌyʋ] `blister’ [wa:skʈ] `waist coat’[bowár] `watermelon’ [gá:wo] `cow’It also occurs in cluster with other consonants:[ʧ h ɪlik h we] `clothing’ [kʌɳ(ə)wá:ʤi] èar ring’[sukwá:ʃ] `squash’ [muʐwá:lo] `gambling’It occurs to make the consonant [k],[ʈʂ] labialized:[ʦuk w é:] `toy’[k w é:] `green peas’[ʈʂ w e] `testicles’

36Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary[ð] occurs medially and in cluster with other consonant as analternative pronunciation of [t], [d] or [ʈʂ].[χotgʌrʌs] ~ [χoðɣʌrʌs] `selfishness’[bʌdyá:n] ~ [bʌðyá:n] `sago’[ebadt] ~ [ebaðt] `worship’[dádo málo] ~ [dáðo málo] àncestors’[rádek br ] ~ [ráðek br ] `boiled rice’[ba:ʈʂá:] ~ [bá:ð(ə)ʃa:] `king’[χ] occurs initially, medially and in cluster with otherconsonants:[χʌt(ʌ)ra:] `danger’ [χoð ɣʌrʌs] `selfishness’[χoðai] `god’[aχrət ʧən] `north’[buχá:r] `high fever’ [dʌχón] ‘sari’[saχí:] `generous’ [ʌχmq] `stupid’4.2. Distribution of consonant phonemes:Almost all the consonants have only one phoneticrealization as recorded in the list of vocabulary. Theprominent allophones are also recorded there. A fewphonemes have additional allophones which are not recordedin the vocabulary list. They are noted here along with theirdistribution. Prominent allophones are also described here forconfirmation.] respectively between two vowels or between [r] and avowel in addition to their normal form. [g] has one moreallophone [g < ], a pre-velar variety, when it is followed by afront vowel. The following examples will illustrate theseadditional allophones:]k]:]:]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 37[k h rigi] ` cheat’ is actually [k h rig < i](b) [k], [k h ] have additional allophones [k < ], [k h

38Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary[vo:ʈ] `vote’ is actually [wo:ʈ]4.3. Occurrence of consonant phonemes:The following table shows the occurrence of theconsonant phonemes. `x’ at an intersection indicates that theoccurrence is not possible.Consonant initial Medial Finalp 1 2 3p h 4 5 xb 6 7 xt 8 9 10t h 11 12 xd 13 14 xʈ 15 16 17ʈ h 18 19 xɖ 20 21 xk 22 23 24k h 25 26 xg 27 28 xʦ 29 30 31ʦ h 32 33 xʣ 34 35 xʧ 36 37 38ʧ h 39 40 xʤ 41 42 xʈʂ 43 44 45ʈʂ h 46 47 xm 48 49 50n 51 52 53ɳ x 54 55ŋ x 56 57l 58 59 60

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 39r 61 62 63s 64 65 66z 67 68 xʃ 69 70 71ʒ 72 73 xʂ 74 75 76ʐ 77 78 xx 79 80 xɣ 81 82 xh 83 84 85ɦ 86 87 88ʋ 89 90 91y 92 93 944.4. Key to the chart:1. [p:ʈo] `Wing’ 2. [əpóŋya] `Shell’3. [ʧ h úp] `Bank of river’ 4. [p h aʈá:] `Colt’2. [ɖop h ós] `Mace’ 6. [bʌréʋ] `Husband’7. [bábo] `Father’ 5. [t:to] `Heat in kitchen’9. [liti] `Building’ 10. [hʌrút] `Woolen mattress’11. [t h ʌp] `Dark(ness)’ 12. [pʌt h á:r] `Floor’13. [dá:ʂʈ] `Lane’ 14. [tedá:t] `Number’12. [ʈóri] Ìsthmus’ 16. [ʧ h á:ʈi] `Vomit’17. [dukʈ] `Scissors’ 15. [ʈ h óki] `Ball’19. [muʈ h ú:]`Kidney beans 19. [ɖóɾo] `Hail’21. [hʌɖí:s] `Sermon’ 22. [kú:ʈo] `Deaf’23. [ɖá:ke] `Back’ 24. [ɦúluk] `Sweat’25. [k h úʈo] `Short’ 26. [ʧʌk h ʈ] `Stammerer’27. [gon] `Smell’ 28. [p h úguɳo:h] `Pincer’29. [ʦoŋ] Ònion’ 30. [bʦih] `Family’31. [uʦ] `Spring of water’ 32. [ʦ h óŋ] `Trade’33. [bʌʦ h r] `Calf’ 34. [ʣɦʌr] `Venom’

40Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary32. [iʣʣʌt] `Respect’ 36. [ʧom] `Leather’37. [k h aʧí:lo] `Lean’ 35. [ilá:ʧ] `Treatment’39. [ʧ h óro] `Shade’ 40. [kʌʧ h á:] `Loin cloth’41. [ʤá:ro] Òld (man)’ 42. [ʌʤí:p] `Wonder’43. [ʈʂʌkyó:no] Èxamine’ 44. [ʌʈʂúr] `Mine’42. [ʈʂ] `Tears’ 46. [ʈʂ h ʌpáro] `Churning rod’47. [ʌʈʂ h ó:] `Walnut’ 45. [miʃ(i)ryó:no]`To mix’49. [ʧímer] Ìron’ 20. [ʃó:rde ʧom] `Hyde’51. [nʌlká:] `Tap’ 22. [krinének] `Seller’23. [yu:n] `Moon’ 24. [kó:ɳor] Èclipse’22. [tuɳ] `Navel’ 26. [síŋɛl] `Sand’27. [yú:ŋ] `Liver’ 25. [lé:l] `Blood’29. [ɦilál] `Bridegroom’ 60. [i:l] `Canal (big)’61. [ró:no] `Weeping’ 62. [bíro] `Male’63. [so:r] Ìce’ 64. [suʒóno] `Known person’62. [musú:ʈi] `Beak’ 66. [da:s] `Plain’67. [zurmó] `Pain’ 65. [rózunu:n] `Vulture’69. [ʃuʒóno] `Dout’ 70. [p h ʃi] `Bed bug’71. [dʃ] `Drapes’ 72. [ʒʌró:] Òrphan’73. [miʒúko] `First’ 74. [ʂíŋo] `Horn’72. [pʌʂó:] `Turban’ 76. [ʃʂ] `Mother-in-law’77. [ʐíŋŋi]`Mid’ 75. [áʐo k h ói] `Rain hat’79. [xudái] `Dod’ 50. [dʌxón] `Sari’81. [ɣon] `Melon’ 52. [bʌɣái] `Loaf of bread’53. [hʌtgʌɽi:] `Hand cuff’ 54. [zhər] `Poison’52. [ʈ h uléh] Èggs’ 56. [ɦilál] `Bridegroom’57. [siɦt] `Health’ 88. [p h apíɦ] `Paternal aunt’59. [ʋʌbá:] Èpidemic’ 90. [gʌʋó:] `Canal’91. [bʌréʋ] `Husband’ 92. [yʌkú:t] `Diamond’93. [mʌyú:n] `Peacock’ 94. [k h a:y] `Pebble’On the basis of the occurrence of 38 consonantphonemes in different positions, they are established asphonemes.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 415. Morphology of Shina language5.1. Noun morphology:There are two numbers in Shina, viz, singular and plural.The uninflected nouns generally form the singular forms. Insome cases of nouns, the uninflected forms also stand fortheir plural forms. These are the collective nouns.The allomorphs of the plural suffixes and theirdistributions are as follows:Plural suffixes:1. Plural suffix -e is added to singular nouns, to makethem plural, without bringing any change in the singularform. Note the following singular and plural forms.Singular forms Plural forms[sin] `River’[sine] `Rivers’[pon] `Road’[pone] `Roads[ʧ h úp] `Bank of river’ [ʧ h úpe] `Banks of river’[ó:ʃ] Àir’,[ó:ʃe] `Different knids of Air’[udú:] `Dust’[udú:e] `Dusts’[so:r] Ìce’[so:re] Ìces’[k h a:y] `Pebble’ [k h a:ye] `Pebbles’[k h ʌɽk] `Moss’ [k h ʌɽke] `Mosses’[ró:ŋs] `Deer’[ró:ŋse] `Deer’[ʒʌró:] Òrphan’ [ʒʌró:e] Òrphans’[bí:ro miʂ] `He buffalo’ [bí:ro miʂe] `He buffalos’On some nouns suffix -éh is found and rarely -éɦ is alsofound.[ʤk] `People’ [ʤkéɦ] `Peoples’[ga:ʤr] `Carrot’ [ga:ʤʌréh] `Carrots’[k h órma:] `Date palm’ [k h órméh] `Date palms’[zʌmindá:r] `Farmer’ [zʌminda:réh] `Farmers’

42Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary[bá:k] `Darden’[bʌkéh] `Dardens’It may be noticed that the final vowel -a: replaced by éof -éh suffix and the the final d changes into t. In somewords, the stress gets shifted to the final syllable.[borá:] `Jute’[boréh] `Jutes’[əmrú:d] `Duava fruit’ [əmrutéh] `Duava fruits’[ʧins] `Dreen gram’ [ʧinʌséh] `Dreen grams’[ɖop h ós] `Mace’ [ɖop h oséh] `Maces’Plural suffix -i is added to non-human singular nouns, toform their plural, without bringing any change in the singularform.[sʈʂi ʃúŋ] `Female dog’ [sʈʂi ʃúŋi] `Female dogs’[k h ukúr] `Puppy’ [k h ukúri] ``Puppies’[ʧɲʧul] `Snail’ [ʧɲʧuli] `Snails’[k h ríʦ] Ànkle’ [k h ríʦi] Ànkles’[ʐúk] `Kidney’ [ʐúki] `Kidneys’In some cases the preceding consonant gets voiced.[ʔʂ] `Dut’[ʔʐi] `Duts’[sʈʂi miʂ] `She buffalo’ [sʈʂi miʐi] `She buffaloes’In case of some nouns the plural suffix -e replaces thefinal vowel of the singular form. Sometimes it shortens thepenultimate vowel:[áʐo] `Cloud’[áʐe] `Clouds’[p h aɽáro] `Bald person’ [p h aɽáre] `Bald persons’[móti] `Limestone’ [móte] `Lime stones’[gálo] `Ray’[gále] `Rays’[táro] `Star’[táre] `Stars’[p h :ʃi] `Bed bug’ [p h :ʃe] `Bed bugs’[bír ] `Lake’[bíre] `Lakes’[mʐi] `Mouse’ [mʐe] `Mice’[ʐi] Ìntestine’ [ʐe] Ìntestines’[ʤó:ʐi] `Teak’ [ʤó:ʐe] `Teaks’[manú:ʐo] `Man’ [manúʐe] `Men’

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 43In case of some nouns the plural suffix -e replaces thevoiceless consonant into voiced one. (Especially ʂ into ʐ.).[mú:ʂ] `Rat’[mú:ʐe] `Rats’[oi broʂ] `Stork’ [oi broʐe] `Storks’[ʂíʂ] `Head’[ʂíʐe] `Heads’[dʌlí:ʂ] `Sieve’ [dʌlí:ʐe] `Sieves’[ʈʂó:ʂ] `Loom’[ʈʂó:ʐe] `Looms’[gó:ʂ] Àttic (room)’ [gó:ʐe] Àttic (rooms)’[ʈʂ h é:ʂ] `Farm’[ʈʂ h é:ʐe] `Farms’[hi:ʂ] `Sorrow’ [hi:ʐe] `Sorrows’[ʧ h í:ʂ] `Peak’ [ʧ h í:ʐe] `Peaks’The -e suffix sometimes changes final [s] of the singularform in to [ʦ].[p h úrus] `Dew’ [p h úruʦe] `Dews’[kórkus] `Crow’ [kórkuʦe] `Crows’[kkəs] `Pheasant’ [kkəʦe] `Pheasants’Sometimes it replaces the final vowel along with thepenultimate consonant.[ʃʌríʂo] `Necklace’ [ʃʌríʐe] `Necklaces’Sometimes -e suffix replaces the penultimate long vowelby short vowel.[gá:ʋ] `Cow’[gáʋe] `Cows’[ʈ h ú:l] Ègg’ [ʈ h úle] Èggs’[ʈʂ:ku] `Spindle’ [ʈʂke] `Spindles’Some other times -e suffix becomes -yé and it drops thefinal vowel or it replaces the final vowel by other vowel.[bó] `Cave’[bóyé] `Caves’[no:r] `Paw’[no:ryé] `Paws’[gʌɳʈí:] `Bell’[gʌɳʈyé] `Bells’[ʃeí] `Mountain’ [ʃʌyé] `Mountains’[ʃeirí:] `Wife’s brother’ [ʃeiryé] `Wife’s brothers’[ʦʌléni] `Pyjama’ [ʦʌlen(i)yé] `Pyjamas’

44Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary[ela:ʧí:] `Cardamom’[ʃɪɳʈí:li] `Mushroom’[ʧĩ] `Bird’[ela:ʧ y é] `Cardamoms’[ʃɪɳʈi:l y é] `Mushrooms’[ʧẽyé] `Birds’5.2. Pronouns:There are 7 personal pronouns in Shina:Singular Plural1st pereson: mo Ì’ be `we’(excl); bẽĩ `we’(incl.2nd person: tu `thou’ ʦ h o `you’3rd person: a:v `he’ a: `they’ (masc.)(ʐo `proximate’)(pʌra:v `remote’)a:v `she’ a: `they’ (fem.)(ʐe `proximate’)ʌnu ìt’ a: `they’ (neut.)In the third person, the following pronouns are also usedto indicate the proximate and remote persons and objects.3rd person singular 3rd person pluralHe a:v, ʐo,(proximate) They (m) a:, ʐe, (proximate)She a:, ʐe, (proximate) They(f) əya:, ʐɛ,(proximate)It ani, anu, (proximate) They(n) a:, ʐe, (proximate)pʌra: (remote)There are a number of pronouns listed in section 25 ofthe Vocabulary. Some of the pronouns which are arefrequently used, are illustrated here.[buʧ h e ~ buʧʧ h e] `Many’[buʧʧ h e ba:l] or [ba:l buʧʧ h e] `Many boys’[buɽe] Àll’[ba:l buɽe] ~ [buɽe ba:l] Àll boys[ʈʂé:k] `Few’ (countable)[púʂi ʈʂé:k] `Few or some flowers’[zá:sek] `Few, little’ (uncountable)] `Little rice’

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 45[p h ere] ~[p h ɛrɛ] Ànother’[p h ere mulɛ:k] Ànother one boy’[miʒúko] `First’[miʒúko ba:l] `First boy’[dumó:gi] `Second’[dumó:gi muli] `Second girl’5.3. Gender:Gender in Shina grammar is like in Hindi. Some wordsare feminine by morphological function. That is, they takefeminine verb suffixes. Such nouns are for example,[kúi] Èarth’[mya:l] Èarthquake’[gi] `Flame’[p h í:ɳ] `Foam’[mu:s] `Flood’ [buχá:r] `Fever’[ʈóri] Ìsthmus’ [bír ] `Lake’Gender, in some words is natural and on some words thegender marker is suffixed. Examples for natural gender:Masculine nouns Feminine nouns[bábo] `Father’ [á:ʒe] `Mother’[dá:do] `Drand father’ [dʌdí:] `Drand mother’[ʐa:] `Brother’ [sʌs] `Sister’[káko] `Brother’ [káki] `Sister’[bá:l] `Son, young one’ [muli] `Daughter’[bʌréʋ] `Husband’ [ʧĩ] `Wife’[iʂ] `Bear’[kʂ] `Female bear’Gender marker -i is suffixed. Examples,[ʃúŋ] Dog[ʃúŋi] `Bitch’[k h á:r] `Partiality’ [k h á:ri] `Partialities’When the gender marker -i is suffixed, the final voweland sometimes the penultimate vowel are replaced.[dá:do] `Drand father’ [dʌdí:] `Drand mother’[mʌyáro] Àntelope’ [mʌyári] `Female antelope’

46Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyWhen the gender marker -e is suffixed to some femalenouns, the final consonant and sometimes the penultimatevowel are replaced. Examples,[sin] `River’[sine] `Rivers’[pon] `Road’[pone] `Roads’[nó:r] `Claw’[nó:re] `Claws’[ʧ h í:ʂ] `Peak’ [ʧ h í:ʐe] `Peaks’[kʃ] `Marriage’ [kʒe] `Marriages’[mu:s] `Flood’ [mu:ze] `Floods’[ʈóri] ~ [ʈorí:] Ìsthmus’ [ʈóre] Ìsthmuses’[bír ] `Lake’[bíre] `Lakes’Sample paradigms of male and female nouns:Masc. noun: táro `planet’ and Fem. noun: bír `lake’SingularPluralMasc. Fem. Masc. Fem.Nom: táro bír táro bír(Trans.) tárosu bír su tárosu bír suAcc: táro bír táro bírInst: tároʒo bír ʒo tároʒo bír ʒoDat: tárore bír re tárore bír reAbl: tároʒo bír ʒo tároʒo bír ʒoGen: táryo:/e: bír táryo:/e: bíréiLoc: tároʒa bír ʒa tároʒa bír ʒa5.4. Case suffixes:There are seven cases in Shina. They are nominative,accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive andlocative. They largely correspond with the structure of majorIndo-Aryan language, Hindi. (ø stands for zero or nil suffix.)(Note: excl=exclusive, incl=inclusive, Trans=Transitiveverbs, H. -ne=As subjects take -ne. suffix in Hindi.)

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 47SingularPluralMasc. Fem. Masc. Fem.Nom: ø ø ø ø (excl)-ẽĩ -ɛ (incl)(Trans.) -su -su -su -su(H. -ne) -i -ĩ -ʒa -ʒaAcc: ø ø ø øInst: -ʒo -ʒo -ʒo -ʒoDat: -re -re -re -reAbl: -ʒo -ʒo -ʒo -ʒoGen: -yo: -ye: ø -éiLoc: -ʒa -ʒa -ʒa -ʒa-ʒa -ʒaThe paradigms of seven pronouns, viz, mu Ì’, be `we’,tu `thou’, ʦ h o `you’, a:v, `he or she’, anu ìt’, a: `they’ are asfollows:Paradigms of mu Ì’ and be `we’:SingularPluralMasc. Fem. Masc. Fem.Nom: mu: mu: Ì’ be: be: (excl) `we’bẽĩ bɛ (incl) `we’(Trans.) mu:su mu:su Ì’ bésu bésu `we’(H. -ne) mi: mĩ: Ì’ ʌssóʒa ʌssóʒa `we’Acc: mu mu `me’ ʌssó ʌssó ùs’Inst: mú:ʒo muʒo `by me’ ʌssó:ʒo ʌss:ʒo `by us’Dat: mú:re mú:re `to me’ ʌssó:re ʌss:re `to us’Abl: mú:ʒo muʒo`from me’ ʌssó:ʒo ʌss:ʒo`from us’Gen: myo: mye: òf me’ ʌssó: ʌsséi òf us’Loc: mú:ʒa mú:ʒaìn me’ ʌssóʒa ʌssóʒaìn us’bé:ʒa bé:ʒa ‘in us’Paradigms of tu `thou’ and ʦ h o `you’:Masc.(sg.) Fem.(sg.) Masc.(pl.) Fem.(pl.)Nom: tu tu `thou’ ʦ h o ʦ h ɛ `you’(Trans.) tusu tusu `thou’ ʦ h osu ʦ h su `you’(H. -ne) t h o t h o `thou’ ʦ h óʒa ʦ h ʒa `you’Acc: tu tu `thee’ ʦ h ó:re ʦ h óre `you’

48Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyInst: tú:ʒo tú:ʒo `by thee’ ʦ h ó:ʒo ʦ h :ʒo `by you’Dat: tú:re tú:re `to thee’ ʦ h ó:re ʦ h óre `to you’Abl: tú:ʒo tuʒo`from thee’ ʦ h ó:ʒo ʦ h :ʒo`from youGen: t h o: t h o: òf thee’ ʦ h no ʦ h no òf you’Loc: tú:ʒa tú:ʒa ìn thee’ ʦ h ó:ʒo ʦ h ó:ʒo ìn you’Paradigms of ʐo `he’, ʐe `she’ and ani ìt’:He She ItNom: ʐo, a:v ʐe, a: ani, anu(Trans) ʐossu, a:vsu ʐessu, a:su anisu, anusu(H.-ne) ʐessei, a:sei ʐesso, a:sso anisei, anuseiAcc. ʐessere, a:sere ʐessere, a:ssere anisere, anusereInst. ʐesseʒo, a:sseʒo ʐesseʒo,a:sseʒo aniseʒo,anuseʒoDat. ʐessere, a:sere ʐessere, a:ssere anisere, anusereAbl. ʐesseʒo, a:sseʒo ʐesseʒo,a:sseʒo aniseʒo,anuseʒoGen. ʐosso, a:sso ʐesso, a:sso aniso, anusoLoc. ʐesseʒa, a:sseʒa ʐesseʒa, a:sseʒa aniseʒa,anuseʒaParadigms of ʐe `they’:They(masc.) They(fem.) They(neut.)Nom: ʐe, a: ʐɛ, əya: ʐe, pʌra:(Trans) ʐessu, a:su ʐɛssu, əya:su ʐessu, pʌra:su(H.-ne) ʐennoʒa,annoʒa ʐɛnoʒa,əya:noʒa ʐennoʒa,pʌra:noʒaAc.ʐenno:re,anno:re ʐɛnno:re,əya:no:re ʐenno:re,pʌra:nn:oreInst. ʐennoʒo,annoʒo ʐɛnuʒo,əya:nuʒo ʐennoʒo,pʌra:noʒoD.ʐenno:re,anno:re ʐɛnno:re,əya:nno:re ʐenno:re,pʌra:nn:oreAbl. ʐennoʒo,annoʒo ʐɛnnoʒo,əya:noʒo ʐennoʒo,pʌra:noʒoDen. ʐenno, anno ʐɛnno, əya:no: ʐenno, pʌra:nnoʐennai, annai ʐɛnnai, əya:nai ʐennei, pʌra:nneiLoc.ʐennoʒa,annoʒa ʐɛnnoʒa,əya:nnoʒa ʐennoʒa,pʌra:nnoʒaParadigms of kʌnu `who’:SingularPluralFollowed byFollowed byMasc. nouns Fem. nouns Masc. nouns Fem. nounsNom: kʌnu kʌni kʌni kʌnye

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 49(H.-ne) kʌniso kʌnise kʌnineiAcc. kʌnise kʌnisei kʌniInst. kʌnisegi/kʌnigi kʌniseikʌnogiDat. kʌnisere kʌnisei kʌnoreAbl. kʌniʒo kʌnise kʌnoʒoGen. kʌnuso kʌnisei kʌnonoLoc kʌnusɛ kʌnisei kʌnoʒa5.5. Adjectives:Adjectives generally precede the noun they qualify.They end with -o if the following noun is masculine. Forexample:ʧúɳo bá:l `small boy’ bɽo tol y á: `big towel’k h úʈo go:ʂ `small house’ ʤáro manúʐo òld man’Adjectives change the final vowel -o into -i if thefollowing noun is female, to agree with the gender of thefollowing noun.ʧúɳi me:s `small table’ bɽi dʌχón `shawl’ʤári dádih òld woman’Sometimes the adjectives follow the noun.bá:l buʧ h e `many boys’ bá:l bú:ɽe àll boys’ʤk búɽe àll people’ púʂi ʈʂé:k `few flowers’ʃúŋi du `two dogs’ ʃúŋi buʧ h e `many dogs’Agreement of adjectives:The nouns or pronouns with genitive case suffix functionas adjectives of the noun that follows it and they agree withthe following noun in gender and number: For example,

50Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyAgreement with the following noun in number:The pronoun changes its final vowel -o/-u to -e, whenthe following noun is in plural:myo ht `my hand’ mye hti `my hands’t h o pa: `your leg’ t h e pe: `your legs’ʐesso pa: `his leg’ ʐesse pe: `his legs’ʐenno go:ʂ `Their house’ ʐenne go:ʂi `their houses’ʐessu ʈúkur `her basket’ ʐesse ʈúkuri: `her baskets’Agreement with the following noun in gender:The pronoun changes its final vowel -o to -i, when thefolowing noun is of feminine gender:ʧúɳo bá:l `small boy’ ʧúɳi k h a:y `small pebble’muli píʃu `girl’s male cat’ mulɛ píʃi `girl’s female cat’myo: gí:ro `my rock’ mye: kʃ `my marriage’Ordinal adjectives:When the numbers indicate the sequence, then theordinal forms of the numerals are used: For example,[ek] òne’. Its ordinal form is first [miʒúko][du:] `two’. Its ordinal form is second [dumó:go][ʈʂe:] `three’. Its ordinal form is third [ʈʂemó:go].When the ordinals of the numerals refer to female nouns,the final vowel and the preceding consonant change. E.g.miʒúko ba:l `first boy’. miʒúki muli `first daughter’dumó:go mʌnúʐo`second man’.dumó:ki ʧĩ `second wife’ʈʂemó:go mó:mo `third uncle’. ʈʂemó:ki sʌs `third sister’

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 51Inflexion of adjectives with suffixes.When the adjectives indicate men or things having thatquality, they take suffixes like the nouns to mean `to smallthing’, `from small thing’, `to big thing’, `from big thing’ etc.For example,ʧúɳo `small’b:ɽo `big’Masc. nouns Fem. nouns Masc. nouns Fem. nounsNom: ʧúɳo ʧúɳi b:ɽi b:ɽye(H.-ne) ʧúɳiso ʧúɳise b:ɽineiAcc. ʧúɳise ʧúɳisei b:ɽiInst. ʧúɳisegi/ʧúɳigi ʧúɳiseib:ɽgiDat. ʧúɳisere ʧúɳisei b:ɽoreAbl. ʧúɳiʒo ʧúɳise b:ɽoʒoGen. ʧúɳuso ʧúɳisei b:ɽonoLoc ʧúɳusɛ ʧúɳisei b:ɽoʒaThe inflected forms of other adjectives:bɽo`great’ ekboàlone’ ʌʦ h ko`bad’ mun`blunt’Nom: bɽo ekbo ʌʦ h ko munAcc. bɽere ʌʦ h kore munInst. bɽogi ekbo ʌʦ h kogi mungiDat. bɽere ʌʦ h kore munʌreAbl. bɽoʒo ʌʦ h koʒo munʒoGen. bɽyo ʌʦ h koyo munoLoc bɽaʒa ʌʦ h kʌʒa munɛ/munʌʒa5.6. Compounds:The combination of an adjective and a noun type ofcompound is a common construction in Shina. For example,ʤáro manúʐo òld man’ ʤári dádih òld woman’ʌʦ h ko go:ʂ `bad house’ lo:lo púʂo `red flower’ʐíŋŋi ɖáki `long stick’ tto bai `hot food’sʈʂi ʃúŋ `female dog’ kíɳe dó:ne `black cattle’

52Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabularyʈ h ú:lo ɖé:r `fat belly’ɖŋo lʌmúʈi `long tail’Two or more nouns combine to form the compounds.sínyo kʧe `bank of river’púʂo gáɳo `wreath of flower’mʌyrmo muli `step daughter’p h ere mul:k ànother girl’bĩ p:ʈe `leaves of tree’5.7. Reduplication:The numerals ék òne’, du `two’, ʈʂe: `three’, ʧa:r `four’and põ:ʃ `five’ are reduplicated as ékek, dúdu, ʈʂeʈʂe:, ʧáʧa:r,põpõ:ʃ respectively to mean one each, two each, three each,four each and five each. For example,ékekóre ʧáʧar dé `give four to each one of them’ékekóre põpõ:ʃ dé `give five to each one of them’nno:re ékek de `give one each to these’nno:re dúdu, de `give two each to these’nno:re ʈʂeʈʂe: de `give three each to these’6. Verb morphology of Shina:Verbs in isolation take `-o:no’ suffix as an infinitivemarker. They are the forms of verbs not changed for person,number or tense. For example,hʌʒó:no `to laugh’ dyó:no `to give’uʧó:no `to pack’ p h ʌryó:no `to pour’ʌlyó:no `to pull’ ʧ h uryó:no `to put’kʌɳyó:no `to scratch’ ʈʂʌkyó:no `to see’Conditional participles are formed in Shina by suffixing`-to’ to the verbs, to indicate the meaning,ìf ...(did something)’

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 53Infinitive formsrʌʒó:no `to tell’gunyó:no `to think’t h yó:no `to do’ʌryó:no `to bring’Conditional participlesrʌʒó:nto ìf told’gunyó:nto ìf thought’t h yó:nto ìf done’ʌryó:nto ìf brought’Although t h yó:no is an infinitive verb meaning `to do’, italso serves as an infinitive marker when it occurs on nouns,meaning to `do that work’. Then it forms all verbs like aregular verb. For example,Noun formsVerb formed from nounspré: àcting’pré: t h yó:no `to act’ʈʌkó:r `cover’ʈʌkó:r t h yó:no `to cover’pa:r òther side’ pa:r t h yó:no `to go other side’púʂ `baby, child’ púʂ t h yó:no Àdopt (child)’km `less’km t h yó:no `to reduce’obó:ki `belch’obó:ki t h yó:no `to belch’As in the above examples, t h yó:no is employed in thesense, `to do’, bó:no `to become’ is employed after the nounforms to give the sense of `to become that’. For example,Noun forms Verb formed from nounsp h t àcquaintance’ p h t bó:no `to get acquitted’lʌʃ `shy’lʌʃ bó:no `to become shy’prik `bouncing’ prik bó:no `to get bounced’ápe `decrease’ ápe bó:no `to get decreased’só:r ìce’só:r bó:no `to become ice’bɽo `big’ bɽo bó:no `to become big’In the similar way, dyó:no `to give’ is employed on thenouns to give the sense of `to give (that)’.Noun forms Verb formed from nounsʃʌpé `blessing’ ʃʌpé dyó:no `to give blessing’o:ʃ àir, wind’ o:ʃ dyó:no `to blow air’ʦ h ʌt `heat’ ʦ h ʌt dyó:no `to give heat’ɦʌt `hand’ ɦʌt dyó:no `to give hand, help’

54Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabularyoi `water’sa:t `company’oi dyó:no `to give water, irrigate’sa:t dyó:no `to give company’Similarly ó:no `to come’ is also used on the nouns, toindicate the sense of `to come, become (that)’. For example,Noun forms Verb formed from nounsbó:iki `bubble’ bó:iki ó:no `to bubble’k h u:zi `cough’ k h u:zi ó:no `to cough’ro:ʂ ànger’ ro:ʂ ó:no `to get angry’huʦiki `hiccup’ huʦiki ó:no `to hiccup’k h á:ji ìtch’ k h á:ji ó:no `to itch’: `panting, breath’ : ó:no `to pant’6.1. Finite verbs:The finite verbs usually occur at the end of a sentence. Inother words, they complete the utterance. They carrydifferent markers in respect of personal pronouns, in differenttenses. The following examples illustrate the use ofintransitive and transitive verbs of Shina, in respect of 7 basicpersonal pronouns.The intransitive verbs form the simple present tenseverbs in the following way. The forms of the verb, boʒó:no`to go’ are as follows:Singular1st per. (mf) mu boʒó:mos2nd per. (mf) tu bo3rd per. (m.) a:v bo:ʒʌɱPlural(mf) be oʒnʌs(exclusive)(m)bẽĩ boʒnʌs(inclusive)(inclusive)(m) ʦ h o bo:ʒa:(f) ʦ h ɛ bo:ʒa:a: boʒna:(f.) a: bo:ʒĩ: (mfn) a: boʒna:(n.) a:v bo:ʒʌɱ a: boʒna:

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 55The transitive verbs form the simple present tenseverbs in the following way: The forms of the verb dyó:no `togive’:SingularPlural1st per.(mf) musu dyó:mos (mf)besu dyó:nʌs(excl.)(m) bẽĩsu dyó:nʌs(incl.)(incl.)2nd per. (mf) tusu dyó: (m) ʦ h osu dyóa:(f) ʦ h :3rd per. (m.) a:vsu dyóʌɱ a:su dyó:na:(f.) a:su dyó:ĩ: (mfn) a:su dyó:na:(n.) a:vsu dyó:ʌɱ a:su dyó:na:Equational and Existential Verbs:`to be’ are used as copula inequational of sentences. For example,SingularÌ am’2nd per.(m) ʦ h(f) ʦ h3rd per. (m.) :(n.) :Plural`we are’(inclusive)(inclusive)Some examples to illustrate`to be’:χoðai bɽá:n: `there are three dogs’`Dod is great’. `Here is a cat’. `Here are two cats’:. `Here are a cat and a dog’: `hands are small’

56Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyThe forms of verb bil `to exist’ are used in existentialsentences. For example,Singular1st per. mu bil Ì am’2nd per. tu bil3rd per. (m.) a:v bilPluralbe (exclusive) bili `we are’(m)bẽĩ bili (inclusive)(inclusive)(m) ʦ h o bili(f) ʦ h ɛ bilĩa: bil(f.) a: bil (mfn) a: bil(n.) a:v bila: bilExamples to illustrate the use of verb bil `to exist’:anu go:ʂek bil ` this is a house’anni go:ʐi du bil `these are two houses’anu myõ: go:ʂ bil `this is my house’anni myẽ go:ʐi bil `these are my houses’anni mi kitáp bil `these are my books’anu ʃúŋek bil `this is a dog’a:v myo bá:l bil `he is my boy’a: mi mulái ne bil `they are not my girls’Dubitative marker da ìs (it) not?’In the event of expressing doubt or in order to questionwhether a particular thing exists or not, da ìs (it) not’ is usedoutside the sentence., da? Ìt is a house, is it not?’, da? Ìs the mountain, da? `Small boy is smart. Isn’t he?

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 577. Sentences:The syntax of the sentence in Shina is like the sentencestructure of Hindi and other major Indo Aryan languages. Itis primarily `subject, object, verb’ (SOV) type. For example:(Note the abbreviations: S=Sentence; NP=Noun Phrase;VP=Verb Phrase; S=Subject; O=Object; V=Verb;Adj=Adjective; Adv=Adverb; N=Noun; SC=SubordinateClauseSNPVPS O Vbésu tu pʃʌnʌsWe you see`We see you’The extensions of the nouns, like the adjectives, occurbefore the subject or object and the extensions of the verbs,like the adverbs, occur before the verb. For example,SNPVPS O VAdj N Adj N Adv Vʧuɳo ba:l s y ó: me:ʋá: ékbo k hsmall boy good fruit alone ate`Small boy ate good fruit alone’

58Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyOther words may occur anywhere in the sentence. Theyare construed approximately.The subordinate clauses, qualifying the noun or the verboccur before them respectively. Examine the clausequalifying the subject in the following example:SNPVPSC N Adv Adv CopulaAdv O V Sɦi:vvi krom thenek no:kar bsko ʧ h .with heart work does-who servant enough tired is`servant who works with heart is tired enough.’In this way we can explain the sentences used in Shinalanguage.7.1. Intonation of sentences:There are some general features of intonation ofsentences. The statements have the falling intonation at theend of the sentence whereas the questions have the risingintonation at the end of the sentence. For example,anu miʒúko ba:l bil`He is the first boy.’In the above sentence, the word miʒúko meaning `first’is emphasized. The word, which is emphasized for meaning,will have higher rise-fall intonation. Apart from the stress onthe second syllable in the above example, miʒúko, even if itwere with the stress on the first syllable as in tí:ɳi meaning`sharp’, the general intonation of the emphasized word would

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 59not have changed. In order to indicate the emphasized wordin the meaning, the word first is also shown with stress.On the other hand, if the sentence ends with aconfirmative particle, da the intonation generally rises at theend., da? Ìt is a house, is it not?On the other hand, even if there is no confirmativeparticle, the terminal contour rises if the intention of thespeaker is to seek the information. For example,tho: nom ʤokbil? `What is your name?In case of wonder or exclamation, the terminal contourfalls with an emphasis on the word having prominence. Forexample,músu knathe rʒemÌn what way should I tell!In the above example, rʒem `(I) tell’ is the centre ofexclamation. Hence it has got the strong rise-fall intonation.The word knathe ìn what way’ has the next high rise andfall intonation, which indicates the intension of the speaker.ani syi mo:ʐi ne bil.`This is not a good word!’In the above sentence, the phrase syi mo:ʐi `good word’is strongly emphasized, and hence it has strong rise and fall.But ne bil ìs not’ is having the next high rise and fall as thatphrase has the expression of exclamation of the speaker.8. Writing system for Shina language:The languages in India genetically belong to fourfamilies: Indo Aryan, Dravidian, Austro Asiatic and Tibeto

60Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyBurman. Out of these, the speakers of the languagesbelonging to Indo Aryan and Dravidian families are in largenumber. Most of these languages. except Kashmiri and Urdu,use the descendants of Brahmi script, which was originallyused in the stone edicts of emperor Ashok, in the 3 rd BC.In the state of Jammu & Kashmir Urdu language inPerso-Arabic script, has been accepted as the state language,and due to its dominance, Perso-Arabic script is being usedfor Kashmiri language also, although the language belongs toIndo Aryan family.Since Shina language is spoken in Ladakh district ofJammu & Kashmir state, and as mentioned earlier, it belongsto Dardic branch of Indo Aryan family, the Perso Arabicscript is recommended for Shina. However, the Devanagariequivalents for every phoneme is also suggested, in case anyone intends to write Shina language in Devanagari script.However, a number of modifications had to be suggested inboth Perso Arabic and Devanagari scripts, to represent thephonemes of Shina correctly. It was noticed that fewermodifications were necessary for Devanagari script than forUrdu script. Since Shina is member of Indo Aryan family oflanguages, it is not surprising that Devanagari script canrepresent most of the phonemes of Shina, and the fewmodified symbols suggested in the light of ParivardhitaDevanagari script (Extended Devanagari script) can representthe other phonemes special to Shina.8.1. Scripts recommended for Shina:8.1.1. Perso Arabic script:The sounds of Shina which could be represented by theletters in Perso Arabic script are retained as they appear intheir usual initial, medial and final occurrences.However, following seven graphs needed modificationsto represent the sounds specific to Shina. They are:

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 61ɳ ŋ ʦ ʈʂ ʂ ʐ and ʒFor short e and short o ùlʈa jazam’ and for ɛ: two`nuktas’ below the letter are used. For ə and ə: the Kashmiriway of writing is used. That is, `hamza’ over àlif’ for ə and`hamza’ with length modification over àlif’ for ə: are used.For stress, `khaɖi zabar’ and for nasalization, the `noon’without the dot are used. The symbols used here are only therecommendations. The stress and nasalization marks may befound useful under special circumstances of writing wordswhich contrast in meaning the basis of these supra-segmentalfeatures. The frequency of such words is however very low.In the normal circumstances it may be written without thesemarks. But in the circumstances of teaching Shina languageit would necessary to indicate these because the students willhave to know which syllable of the word is stressed. So, theyare indicated in the vocabulary, collected in the latter part ofthe book.The ideal script for the Shina language is that whichwould be most phonemic. Hence the recommendations of thescript are in accordance with the list of phonemes, in thefollowing charts.The shapes of the Perso Arabic letters in the threepositions, Initial, Medial and Final are shown. The variantshapes of the graphs are shown by an oblique line. TheModifications in the Perso Arabic script are shown below orabove a horizontal line to indicate whether the marks are tobe put below of above the graphs.

62Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary8.1.2. The following tables how the writing systems forShina language, in Perso Arabic and Devanagari Scripts:

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 63

64Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 65

66Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary8.1.3. Alphabet for Perso Arabic writing:The script suggested above for Perso Arabic writing isarranged in the traditional alphabetical order below. Thename of each letter is written below them. The phonemesrepresented by the letters are already given in the previouscharts.The graphs are arranged below in the Perso Arabicalphabet for Shina, on the basis of the similarity of shapes.That is, the letters having similar shapes are groupedtogether. The letter with less modifications are introducedearlier than the ones with more modifications.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 67Some of the words containing the sounds special toShina may be illustrated here. Other sounds are written in thesame way as they are done in Kashmiri and Urdu. However,the teacher’s help may be necessary in order to learn thiswriting system.

68Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary8.1.4. The Devanagari script:The primary letters of the Devanagari vowels occur inthe initial position of the words, whereas the secondaryletters of vowels, which are also known as ligatures, occurwith the consonants in the non-initial position.The primary letters of the consonants in Devanagari,contain the inherent /a/ vowel. The secondary letters are usedfor writing the clusters of consonants, as is done in the other

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 69languages which use Devanagari script. The consonants, inwhose case the secondary letters are not indicated, do notform them in the usual writing system. In case of theiroccurrence, in exceptional circumstances, the first consonantof the cluster could be indicated with a consonant marker(halant mark).8.1.5. The following tables show the writing system forDevanagari Script:In Devanagari script the modifications are not as manyas they were in Perso Arabic script. It may also be noted thatthere is fairly a regular way of combining ligatures of vowelswith the consonants.The fourteen vowel letters are arranged in theDevanagari traditional order. The corresponding ligatures aregiven below each letter. The modifications suggested by theCentral Hindi Directorate, (Government of India), to thetraditional Devanagari script, in the Parivardhita Devanagari(Extended Devanagari) Alphabet, are accepted here also insuggesting the modifications to the script. In case anyambiguity was created in this process, then suitable differentmodifications are suggested to avoid confusion. The ligaturesare shown below the primary letter.

70Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyIn order to indicate the exact pronunciation and avoidambiguity, in contrasting words, (ə ə:) and (ɛ ɛ:) maybe necessary. Otherwise from practical point of view, it ispossible to merge (ə ə:) in (a a:) and (ɛ ɛ:) in(e e:). However, since length is maintained in case ofand it would be advisable to have and as shortcounterparts of their respective long vowels and .Thirty six consonant letters may be arranged as follows.It may be observed that the homorganity of the consonants ismaintained in the process of introducing the new symbols.The phonetic values for the symbols have been shown inthe previous charts on the writing system.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 71The graphs can be written with vowel ligatures also:Similarly, the other consonants can also be written as:The consonant clusters can be written as it is done inDevanagari by making use of the secondary symbols.Whenever there would be a case of modified symbol losingtheir identity in clusters, the first consonant could be writtenwith `consonant marker’ or what is called in Hindi, `halantmark’, just below the first letter. For example,uʦyono can be written asuʈʂyó:no can be written astarui can be written asp h aʈʋei can be written asmiʃaryó:no can be written asʧʌxaʈ can be written asʈʂ h ʌpáro can be written asʂiŋi can be written asskdar can be written as

72Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabularykáɣu: can be written asáyav can be written asunéilo can be written asThe stress may be marked by a stroke on the stressedsyllable, as done on the word áyav above, Since thewords would be contrasting on the basis of stress, it may beobligatory to mark it at least on certain words which arelikely to cause the difference in meaning. It would bemandatory while preparing the teaching material. In the caseswhere the contrast between stressed and non-stressed wordsis not created, marking stress in Shina script may be optional.Some words contrasting in meaning on the basis of stressare illustrated below:`high’`cloud’`wife’s brother’èarth’`bridge’ìn, inside’`mountain’`cap’The nasalization can be indicated by a `chandra bindu’or à moon with a dot inside’, on the letter which is nasalized.`seed’`paddy’`flame’`cow shed’`mouth’`sickness’More examples cam be given to illustrate the writing ofdiphthongs:

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 73`rain’òf burning’`ram’`water’èarth’`how’`father-in-law’`room’`sky’`wife’s brother’The above brief grammar describes the Shina languagespoken in Dras area of Kargil District of Jammu and Kashmirstate.

74Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary9. Shina LanguageVocabularyThe data from Shina language spoken around Dras wascollected from different informants during the field trips, in1971-75. It may be noticed that for many words, they gavethe Urdu, Persian or Balti words which are included here.After every Shina word, its use in the language, eithermasculine (m.) or feminine (f.) is indicated. Singular (sg.)and plural (pl) forms are also indicated. A number of wordsrelated to the main entry were supplied by the sameinformant or different informants, which are given below themain entry. Alternative pronunciations by the same ordifferent informant, are shown after word in (), after ‘~’mark.Transcription of vowels:Front Mid BackHigh i ɨ u(rarely)Lower high e oHigher low ɛ ə ʌ ɔLowaAll vowels can occur with length and stress which areindicated by [:] and [ ]. Stressed vowels have a tendency tobe longer and of slightly higher pitch. Vowels in the wordswith single syllable are optionally stressed. Voiceless vowels,occurring at the end of words,, below thevowel: [ ].Vowel Sequences: Vowel sequences appear as a result ofalternative pronunciation with a glide: i , ĩ, áe, áo,éə, i, :ə, éə, éi, úe, úi, ói, óə, uí, ué, aá, ei. Some of thesecan be treated as diphthongs.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 75Transcription of consonants:(Note: vl=voiceless; un=unaspirated; as=aspirated;vd=voiced.)Bila- Labio- Den Alve- Retro- Pala- Ve- Uv- Globialdental tal olar flex tal lar ular ttalS vl- p t ʈ k q ʔt unovl- p h t h ʈ h k hp assvd- b d ɖ gun-Af vl- ʦ ʈʂ ʧfr unicvl- ʦ h ʈʂ h ʧ hat asesvd- ʣ ʤun-Nasals- m n ɳ ɲ ŋLateralApproximantTrilllrFlaps ɾ ɽFrica- vl ɸ f s ʂ ʃ x χ htives vd β ð z ʐ ʒ ɣ ɦAppro- w ʋ yximants

76Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyNotes:1. Superscript [h] as [ h ] is used to indicate that theconsonant on which it occurs is aspirated. No cluster of aconsonant + [h] occurs in the data.2. ʦ and ʧ, in gemination, are conventionally written as[ʦʦ] and [ʧʧ] respectively. But, in pronunciation, they are [tʦ]and [tʧ]. This pronunciation of [tʧ] is also confirmed in thewords with a word boundary between [t] and [ʧ]. Forexample, in words like [aχrət ʧən], meaning north, there is aword boundary between [aχrət] and [ʧən]. It may also bewritten as [aχrət#ʧən], where # indicates the word boundary.But we have used space here.3. Approximants [ʋ, y] may occur with nasalization also.They are marked with the superscript: , like [ ].4. Approximants [w,y] stand for different sounds here,than in the IPA. That is, [w] is a voiced labial-velarapproximant in the IPA whereas it is a bilabial approximanthere and [y] is a high front rounded vowel in the IPAwhereas it is a palatal approximant here.5. For voiced velar fricative [ɣ] symbol is used herewhereas in IPA the symbol for voiced velar fricative is [ɣ]6. [w,y] are used as superscript to indicate respectivelythe labialized and palatalized pronunciation of the consonantson which they occur. E.g. [k w ] is labialized variety of [k] and[p y ] is the palatalized variety of [p].7. Sometimes consonants [r], [l] and [m]are usedvocalically. That is, for example in [ʌtṛ] meaning perfume, or[ʃkṛ] meaning sugar, the stops [t] or [k] are released into [ṛ]without any vowel. Similarly in [ʃkḷ] meaning shape, [l] isreleased vocalically. Vocalic [l] is symbolized as [ḷ]. Furtherin [nzṃ] meaning poetry, [m] is released vocalically. Suchcases of vocalic releases of [r], [l] and [m] are represented as[ṛ], [ḷ] and [ṃ] respectively.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 779.1. Earth, sky, water etc.1. Air, [ó:ʃ] m.sg.; [ó:ʃe] m.pl.2. Ash [da:l]3. Bank of the river, [ʧ h úp] m.sg.; [ʧ h úpe] m.pl.[sínyo kʧe]4. Brook, [úʦ] m.5. Cave [bó] m.sg. [bóyé] m.pl.6. Clay, [ʧíʧel] m.sg. (~ [ʧíʧʧel])7. Cloud, [áʐo] m.sg.; [áʐe] m.pl.8. Coast [ʧ h úp]9. Cold, [ʈʂʌyé] adj.[ʈʂéəno] `to feel cold’10. Comet [lo:ʈʂ h r]11. Cyclone [yʈʂʌ buró:]12. Darkness [t h p] m.sg.13. Dawn [ló:t h ap] m.sg. ènd of darkness’[ʧɔl]14. Desert [siŋálo] m.sg.15. Dew [p h úrus] m.sg. [p h úruʦe] m.pl.16. Dust [udú:] m.sg. [udú:e] m.pl.17. Earth [kúi] f.sg.18. Earthquake [mya:l] f.sg.19. Echo [bʌʃóno] (From Urdu bʌʒa:na)[bráki bʌʃóno]20. Eclipse [kó:ɳor] m.sg.21. Flame [gi] f.sg.22. Foam [p h í:ɳ] f.sg.23. Forest [ʤe:l] m.sg.24. Fire [p h u:]25. Flood [buʧe ʋázẽĩ] f.sg.[mu:s] f.sg. [mu:ze] f.pl.26. Fog [kaɣú:] m.sg. (~ [kawú:])[p h rus]27. Ground [kúi] m.sg.[da:s]

78Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary28. Hail [ɖóɾo] m.sg. [ɖóɾe] m.pl.[hí:n]29. Heat [ʦ h t] m.sg.30. High fever [buχá:r] f.sg.31. Hill [ʃéi] m.sg.32. Hillock [ʈ h úko] m.sg. [ʈ h uké] m.pl.33. Island [kúi] (ground, land)34. Ice [so:r] m.sg. [so:re] m.pl. (~[so:ər])35. Isthmus [tóri] f.sg. [tóre] f.pl. (~ [torí:] f.sg.)[díʃʧuɳi]36. Lake [bír [bíre] f.pl.37. Lightening [bíʧuʂ] f.sg. [bíʧuʐe] f.pl.38. Limestone [móti] f.sg. [móte] f.pl.39. Mist [kaɣú:] m.sg.40. Moon light [yu:n ʈʂaɦ] (yu:n=moon, ʈʂaɦ = light)41. Mountain [ʃeí] f.sg. [ʃʌyé] f.pl.42. Morning star [lo:ʈ h r] m.sg.43. Moon [yún] f.sg.44. Moss [k h ʌɽk] m.sg. [k h ʌɽke] m.pl.45. Mud [dok] m.sg.46. Nature [kudrt]47. Ocean [sr] m.sg.48. Peak [ʧ h í:ʂ] f.sg. [ʧ h í:ʐe] f.pl.49. Pebble [k h a:y] f.sg. [k h a:ye] f.pl.50. Plain [da:s] m.sg.51. Planet [táro] m.sg.52. Rain [mi] f.sg.53. Rainbow [biʐón] f.sg.54. Ray [gálo] m.sg. [gále] m.pl.55. River [sin] f.sg. [sine] f.pl.56. Road [pon] f.sg. [pone] f.pl.57. Rock [gi:ro][brʌk]58. Rock [gí:ro] m.sg. [gí:re] m.pl.59. Sand [síŋɛl] m.sg. (~ [síŋɪl])60. Satellite [táro] m.sg. [táre] m.pl.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 7961. Sea [sʌr] m.sg.62. Shade [ʧ h óro] m.sg.63. Sky [aŋŋĩ] m.sg.(~[aŋi] ~ [aŋŋi])64. Snow [ɦín] m.sg.65. Spring of water [uʦ] m.sg.66. Star [táro] m.sg. [táre] m.pl.67. Stone [bʌʈ] m.sg. [bʌʈi] m.pl.68. Storm [bʌláh] f.sg.[tu:fan] f.sg.69. Stream [í:l] m.sg.[gʌʋó:] `canal’70. Sun [sú:rɪ] f.sg.71. Sunshine [tílɪ][tílɛ] `twilight’72. Thunder [bíʧʧuʂ] mf sg.73. Universe [bɽo aŋŋĩ] `big sky’74. Valley [ʈʂr] m.sg. `water falls’75. Volcano [drŋ bóno] `breaking of rocks’76. Water [ói] m.sg.77. Wave [óyeʋ ʧ h áʈi][ʧ h áʈi] `to vomit’78. Weather [mósɪm]79. Whirl pool [ói kíkiri] `turning of water’80. Wind [ó:ʃ] m.sg.81. Wood [káʈo] m.sg.82. World [dunyát] f.sg.9.2. Mankind, Sex, family, Relationship etc.83. Adopted child [púʂ] m.sg.[púʂ t h yó:no] `to adopt a child’84. Ancestors [dáðo málo]85. Baby [baál] m.sg.86. Bachelor [káʃ net h eɦk ba:l]`man who has not yet married’87. Blind [ʂé:ʋ] sg. [ʂé:ʋe] pl.

80Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary88. Boy [bá:l]89. Bridge [ɖaŋó]88. Bridegroom [ɦilál] m.sg.90. Brother [káko] (a term of endearment also)91. Brother [mʌyrmo ʐa:]92. Brother (elder) [bɽo káko ʐa:]93. Brother (younger) [ʧúɳo káko ʐa:]94. Brother-in-law [ʃeirí][bʌréʋ] `husband’95. Brother’s wife [kákei ʧéi]96. Child [ʧúɳo bá:l]97. Childhood [bá:l ʧ h á:l]98. Cripple [k h iŋíro]99. Daughter [muli]Daughter (step) [mʌyrmo muli]100. Daughter-in-law [nú:ʂ]101. Daughter-in-law’sfather [billĩ1102. Daughter-in-law’smother [billé:ɳ]103. Descendents [mirá:fs]104. Dumb [ʧáʈo]105. Deaf mute [ɦúʈo]106. Elopement [na:ʃ thyó:no]107. Embrace [bó:ʃi] `call, cry of heart’108. Eunuch [né ɦólilok]109. Family [bʦih]110. Fat [t h úlo]111. Father [bábo] m.sg.; [bábe] m.pl.112. Father’s brother(elder) [bɽo babó]113. Father’s brother(younger) [ʧúɳo babó]114. Father’s sister [p h apíh]115. Father-in-law [ʃéər]116. Female [s:ʈʂi]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 81117. Friend [dost][sa:ti]118. Girl [muli]119. Grand daughter [pá:ʈʂi]120. Grand father [dá:do]121. Grand mother [dʌdí:]122. Grand son [pó:ʈʂo]123. Great granddaughter [pʌɦó:ʈʂi]124. Great grandfather [dá:do bábo]125, Great grandmother [ddí áʤe]126. Great grand son [pʌɦó:ʈʂo]127. Hunch back [gurú:]128. Husband [bʌréʋ]129. Husband’sbrother [ʃeirí]130. Husband’s brother’swife[bʌréʋ ʐʌʋei ʧĩ]131. Husband’s sister [bʌréi sʌs]132. Husband’s sister’shusband [bʌréi sʌzó: bʌréʋ]133. Infant [kótte ʤá:lɔ][ʤúk ʤá:lok]134. Lean [k h aʧí:lo]135. Left handed [k h úʃo]136. Maid [kʃnet h ek muli]137. Male [bíro]138. Man [mʌnúʐo]139. Marriage [kʃ] f.sg. [kʒe] f.pl.140. Master [ma:ʂʈər]141. Maternal aunt [ʧúɳi á:ʒe]142. Maternal aunt’sdaughter [ʧúɳi a:ʒéi muli]143. Maternal aunt’s

82Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabularyhusband [ʧúɳi a:ʒéʋ bʌréʋ]144. Maternal aunt’sson[ʧúɳi á:ʒo ba:l]145. Maternal grandfather’s home [momyá:l]146. Maternal uncle [mó:mo]147. Maternal uncle’sdaughter [mó:mei muli]148. Maternal uncle’sson[mó:mo bá:l]149. Maternal uncle’swife150. Mother [á:ʤe]151. Mother’s brother [á:ʤo ká:ko][mó:mo]152. Mother’s sister[mó:mei ʧĩ][p h ʌpi:] f.sg., [p h ʌpyé:] f.pl.(elder) [bɽi á:ʒe]153. Mother’s sister(young) [ʧúɳi á:ʒe]154. Mother-in-law [ʃʂ]155. Nephew [káko: bá:l]156. Niece [kákei muli]157. Old [ʤáro]158. Old man [ʤáro manúʐo][ʤáro dádo]159. Old woman [ʤári dádih]160. Orphan [ʒʌró:] m.sg., [ʒʌró:e] m.pl.161. Parents [mo:má:lo][á:ʒe bábo]162. Paternal aunt [p h apíɦ]163. Paternal aunt’sdaughter164. Paternal aunt’shusband165. Paternal aunt’s[p h apeí muli][p h apyó bʌréʋ]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 83son[p h apyó bá:l]166. Paternal uncle’sdaughter [p h apeí muli]167. Paternal uncle’sson[ʧúɳo bá:bo bá:l]168. Paternal elderuncle’s wife [bɽo babei ʧĩ]169. Paternal youngeruncle’s wife [ʧúɳo babei ʧĩ]170. People [ʤk] sg. [ʤkeɦ] pl.171. Person [mʌnúʐo]172. Pregnancy [surapi][ʧó:no ɦ k]173. Pregnant woman [ʧó:no ɦ k ʧĩ]174. Race [dʌrbk]175. Relatives [tóəme]176. Sister (elder) [bɽi káki][bɽi sʌs]177. Sister (younger) [ʧúɳi káki][ʧúɳi sʌs]178. Short [k h úʈo]179. Sister-in-law [ʧĩ sʌs]180. Son [bá:l]181. Son-in-law [ʤʌmʌʈʂó]182. Stammerer [ʧʌk h ʈ]183. Spinster [kʃnet h ek muli]184. Spoon [ʧʌmʧá:]185. Step mother [á:ʒe]186. Step son [bá:l]187. Step sister [sʌs]188. Tall [ɖáŋo]189. Twin [yói]190. Vessel [za:ŋs]191. Widow [kʌgú:ɳi]192. Widower [kʌgú:no]193. Wife [ʧĩ]

84Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary194. Wife’s brother [ʃeirí:] sg. [ʃeiryé] pl.195. Wife’s sister [ʧĩ sʌs]196. Wife’s sister’shusband [ʧĩ sʌzeʋ bʌréʋ]197. Woman [ʧĩ]198. Young [ʧúɳo]199. Youth [ʧobúr][ʤʌʋá:ni]9.3. Animals, birds etc:200. Animal (tame) [ɦe:ʋán]201. Ant [p h ilí:li] f.sg. [p h ilí:lo] m.sg.202. Antilope [mʌyáro] m.sg. [mʌyári] f.sg.203. Antelope’s cub [kili]204. Ass [ʐʌkúɳ] m.sg. [sʈʂi ʐʌkúɳ] f.sg,[ʐʌkúɳi] m.pl.205. Monkey [ʃʌdí:] sg. [ʃʌdyé:] pl.206. Bat [rta ʧĩ]207. Beak [musú:ʈi]207. Bear [iʂ] m.sg. [kʂ] f.sg.208. Beast [ɦe:ʋá:n]209. Bed bug [p h :ʃe] f.sg. [p h :ʃi] f.sg.210. Beetle [lurĩ]211. Bill [musú:ʈi]212. Bird [ʧʌʧuí]213. Bitch [sʈʂi ʃúŋ] sg. [sʈʂi ʃúŋi] pl.214. Boar [sú:r] sg. [sú:re] pl.215. Buffalo (he) [bí:ro miʂ] sg. [bí:ro miʂe] pl.(she) [sʈʂi miʂ] sg. [sʈʂi miʐi] pl.216. Bull [dó:no] `cattle’217. Butterfly [p h aʈʋi]218. Cage [takʃá:] sg. [takʃé:] pl.219. Calf [bʌʦ h r] f.sg. [bʌʦ h á:r] m.sg.220. Camel [:ʈ]221. Cat (male) [píʃu] m.sg. [píʃe] m.pl.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 85(female) [píʃi] f.sg. [piʃyé:] f.pl.222. Caterpillar [kr:] ìnsect’223. Cattle [dó:ne][lʂ dó:ne]224. Centipede [ʃʌlpó] m.sg. [ʃʌlpé] f.sg.225. Chicken [ʧʌy:]226. Claw [nó:r] f.sg. [nó:re] f.pl.227. Cobra [ʤón] f.sg.228. Cobra hood [ʤúnyo ʂiʂ]229. Cock [kokó:]230. Cockatoo [ʧʌmúʈo] m.sg.231. Colt [p h aʈá:] mf.232. Cow [gá:ʋ] sg. [gáʋe] pl.233. Crab [nɛzm] sg. [nɛzme] pl.234. Crane [ʧ h íme k h á:mo]235. Crocodile [gʌlʈ h ós] sg. [zgʌlt h ós] (from Balti lge.)236. Crow [kórkus] sg. [kórkuʦe] pl.237. Cuckoo [kʌyú:ni] `raven with red beak’238. Deer [ró:ŋs] sg. [ró:ŋse] pl.239. Dog [ʃúŋ] sg. [ʃúŋe] pl.240. Donkey [ʐkuɳ]241. Duck [ói bʌruʂ]242. Earth worm [ʧ h í:mo kr] sg. [ʧ h ] pl.243. Egg [ʈ h ú:l]244. Elephant [ɦsto]245. Sheep (female) [eʃ]246. Feather [pʈe]247. Fire fly [ʈʂá: kr]248. Fish [ʧ h í:mo] sg. [ʧ h í:me] pl.249. Fly [hʌbú:]250. Fox [lói] f. [ʋʌfr] m.251. Frog [mʌɳók] sg. [mʌɳóke] pl.252. Fur [bʌp h úr] f.253. Gnat ]254. Goat (he) [ʧ h ətí:lo]Goat (she) [ʔái]

86Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary255. Goose [buló:] mf.sg. [bulóe] mf.pl.256. Grass hopper [yʈʂʌlóh]]257. Hare [ryŋ] (A Balti word)258. Hawk [úkpa] (A Balti word)259. Hen [sʈʂi kokó]260. Hyde [ʃó:rde ʧom] `processed leather’261. Hind leg [pətí:ne pé]262. Honey bee [mʌʈʂí:][biyri] f.263. Hoof [k h ó:r] sg. [k h ó:re] pl.264. Horn [ʂíŋo] m.sg. [ʂíŋe] m.pl.265. Hornet ri]266. Horse [ʃup] sg. [ʃpe] pl.267. Insect [kr:]268. Jackal [ʃyó:l] mf.269. Kid [ʧaál]270. King fisher [ʧ h íme k h á:mo]271. Lamb [oró:ɳ] sg. [oró:ɳe] pl.272. Leech [durká:] f.sg. (Kashmiri word)273. Leopard ]274. Lion [ʃé:re bəbr]272. Lion’s cub [ʃe:ró bá:l]276. Live stock [lʂ dó:ne]277. Lizard [ʂe:ʋ k h ikílo]278. Louse ] pl.279. Mane [bé:l]280. Mare [só:ʈʂi ʃup]281. Mongoose [gʌlt h ós] (Balti word)282. Monkey [ʃʌdí:]283. Mosquito ] pl.284. Mouse [mʐi] sg. [mʐe] pl.285. Mule [k h ʧər] (from Urdu)286. Myna ]287. Nest [ɦaló:l] sg. [ɦaló:le] pl.288. Owl [ɦú:] sg. [ɦúe]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 87289. Vulture [bríŋ]290. Parrot [to:ta:] (from Urdu)291. Paw [no:ryé] pl.292. Peacock [mʌyú:n]293. Pheasant [kkəs] sg. [kkəʦe] pl.294. Pig [sú:r] (from Urdu)295. Pigeon [kuɳú:lo] m.sg. [kuɳú:li] f.sg.296. Pincer [p h úguɳo:h]297. Pony [p h ʈa:]298. Puppy [k h ukúr] sg. [k h ukúri] pl.299. Python [ʤón]300. Rabbit [ʃy: ]301. Ram [kʌráelo]302. Rat [mú:ʂ] sg. [mú:ʐe] pl.303. Raven [kó:rkus] sg. [kó:rkuʦi] pl.304. Scorpion [gʌlt h ós] (same Balti word: crocodile)305. Sheep [ʔilo]306. Snail [ʧɲʧul] sg. [ʧɲʧuli] pl.307. Snake [ʤón]308. Sparrow ]309. Spider [ʈʂʌʐá:] m.310. Stallion [ʃpa:l]311. Sting [dón]312. Stork [oi broʂ] sg. [oi broʐe] pl.313. Squirrel [truʃúɳi]314. Swan [oi broʂ] sg. [oi broʐe] pl.315. Tail [lʌmúʈi] sg. [lʌmúʈe] pl.316. Tiger [d:]317. Toad [mʌɳók] (same as frog)318. Tortoise [ŋʌls] (Balti word, [ŋʌlls])319. Trunk [ʦuʦúi] sg. [ʦuʦúe] pl.320. Tusk [ɦásto]321. Venom [ʣɦʌr]322. Vulture [rózunu:n]323. Wasp [buló:]324. Wing [p:ʈo] sg. [p:ʈe] pl.

88Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary325. Wolf [úruk] sg. [úrke] pl.326. Wood pecker [káʈo p h uʈének]327. Worm ] pl.328. Young one [ʧúɳo] sg. [ʧúɳe] pl.9.4. Parts of the body, body conditions and functions:329. Alive [ʤóno]330. Anemia [serpó]331. Ankle [k h ríʦ] sg. [k h ríʦi] pl.332. Anus [pó:ɳi] sg. [pó:ɳe] pl.333. Arm (right) [dʌʂʈíno ʃáko](left) [k h áo ʃáko]334. Arm pit [gikíti]335. Asthma [dm]336. Back [ɖá:ke]337. Bald [p h aɽáro] sg. [p h aɽáre] pl.338. Bandage [paʈí:]339. Beard [dái]340. Belch [obóki]341. Belly [ɖé:r] sg. [ɖé:re] pl. (~ [ɖé:ər])342. Birth [ʤó:no][ʧá:lo] `to give birth’343. Bladder [muʈʂó:ʈo]344. Blind [ʂé:ʋ] sg. [ʂé:] pl.345. Blister [wʌyʋ]346. Blood [lé:l]347. Body [ɖím]348. Boil [dʌʤó:no][k:əno]349. Bone [áʈʈi] (~ [áʈi])350. Brain [móto]351. Breast [mámu] sg. [máme] pl.352. Breath [ʂ:]353. Buttock [p h oŋs][sʌŋáy]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 89354. Calf of the leg. [pí:ɳye]355. Cancer [ʌʂínoró:k](ʌʂíno=inside,ró:k=disease)356. Canine tooth [muʈʂíno dón] sg. [muʈʂíne dóni] pl.357. Cheek [ɦʌrá:m]358. Chest [kro:] sg. [kroe] pl.359. Chickenpox [ʈ h úke]360. Chin [muʦú:ʈi]361. Cholera [ɖeryó ró:k]362. Constipation [gorʈ]363. Corpse [kúɳo] sg. [kúɳe] pl.364. Cough [k h ú:zi] sg. [k h ú:zye] pl.365. Death [móət]366. Diabetes [ʃkṛ díʒe nék]367. Diarrhea [ds]368. Diet [ʒi rəʧó:no]369. Disease [ró:k]370. Dwarf [ʧú:ʈo]371, Ear [koɳ]372. Ear ache [kóɳo ró:k]373. Ear lobe [kóɳo ʃúʧo]374. Ear wax [nʌkzér]375. Elbow [bʌk h úɳi] sg. [bʌk h úɳe] pl.376. Epidemic [ʋʌbá:]377. Epilepsy [káinyɛno]378. Eye [ʌʈʂí:] sg. [ʌʈʂé:] pl.379. Eye brow [ʌʈʂó: gálo] sg. [ʌʈʂé: gále] pl.380. Eye lash [ʌʈʂó: bále]381. Eye lid [ʈʂe pó:ʈʂe] pl.382. Face [muk]383. Fat [t h úlo]384. Fever [ʦ h ʌt]385. Finger ] sg. [ʌŋẽ] pl.386. Finger (index) [mʌʒíni ]387. Finger (middle) [ʐíŋŋ ]388. Finger (ring) ]389. Finger (little) ]

90Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary390. Finger joint [k h riʦ]391. Finger nail [nó:r]392. Fist [múʂʈo]393. Flesh [mo:s]394. Fomentation [ʈʌkóra]395. Forehead [yó:ŋ] sg. [yó:ŋe] pl.396. Goiter [sʌŋyo gʌʈ]397. Gout [ʃuʒóno] ([suʒóno] `known person’)398. Grave [mʌzr]399. Gullet [mʌnyé]400. Gum [dóno ml]401. Guts [ʔʂ] sg. [ʔʐi] pl.402. Hair [ʒʌkú:] sg. [ʒʌkúe] pl.403. Hand [ɦʌt]404. Head [ʂíʂ] sg. [ʂíʐe] pl.405. Head ache [ʂíʂo ro:k]406. Health [siɦt] (from Urdu)407. Heart [ɦi:ʋ]408. Heart disease [ɦi:ʋ ro:k]409. Heel [t h úri]410. Hernia [ʔʐo zúrmo]411. Hiccough [ɦukíʦe]412. Hip [p h óŋs]413. Hospital [ɦspita:l]414. HumanExcrement [gu:] (from Urdu)415. Hemp baked [zgúru] (~[gúru])416. Ill (to fall) [ʃulyó:no][zurmó]417. Insanity [yʈʂə:lo]418. Intestine [ʐi] sg. [ʐe] pl.419. Itch [k h á:ʒi]420. Jaundice [ʃuʃrók]421. Jaw [ɦʌrʌmo: ʧ h i]422. Joints [k h riʦ] sg. [k h riʦí] pl.423. Kidney [ʐúk] sg. [ʐúki] pl.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 91424. Knee [kúʈo]425. Knee cap [kúʈo p h úli]426. Lazy [ʋʌʂiʤílo]427. Lean [k h aʧílo]428. Leg e] pl.429. Leprosy [k h ʧurók]430. Life [ʒí:]431. Ligament [nár]432. Lips [ó:ʈo] sg. [ó:ʈe] pl.433. Liver [yú:ŋ] sg. [yú:ŋe] pl.434. Lung [ɖó:ro] sg. [ɖó:re] pl.435. Marrow [miyó:]436. Medicine [rʌbáʈi]437. Mole [ʈíko]438. Moustache [p h úŋɛ] (~ [p h úŋe])439. Mouth [:zo] (~[:ŋ zo])440. Mucus [k h uɳó:]441. Muscle [pí:ɳi] sg. [pí:ɳye] pl.442. Naked [nó:no]443. Nausea [bɪʐʌbá:] (~[bɪʐbaá:])444. Navel [tuɳ]445. Neck [ʧ h áɣɛn] ([gʌɳɖúri]Àdam’s apple’446. Nerve [nár]447. Nipple [mámu] (for breast also)448. Nose [nóto] sg. [nóte] pl.449. Nostril [nətə ʂó:li]450. Ointment [mʌrʌɦm] (~ [mʌrʌɦm paʈʈí:])451. Pain [zurmó]452. Palate [tálo]453. Palm (of hand) [ɦʌtʌtá:ʋ]454. Patient [rugyáʈ]455. Penis [máɳo]456. Phlegm [t h úki]457. Pigtail [ʧʌmúʈi] (~ [ɖulú:] `plaited hair’)457. Piles [bʌʋa:sír]458. Pill [go:lí:]

92Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary459. Pupil [ʌʧ h ó: lá:l]460. Purgative [ds bɦenɛk rʌbáʈi]461. Puss [páʂ]462. Rib [prʃu] sg. [prʃe] pl.463. Saliva [lálo]464. Scab [sŋó:] (from Balti)465. Shoulder [p h íʤo] sg. [p h íʤe] pl. (~ [p h íʒo])466. Sick [ʃul ]467. Skeleton [ɖímo á:ʈʈi]468. Skin [ʧóm] sg. [ʧóme] pl.469. Skin disease [ʧó:mo ró:k]470. Skull [ʂiʂó kəpri]471. Smallpox [p h óye]472. Smile [mɪk]473. Sneeze [ʧ h ĩ:]474. Spit [t h ú:k]475. Sole [pá:ʈ]476. Soul [ʤi:]477. Spine [ɖá:k h aʈi]478. Spleen [p h usuló]479. Stomach :] pl.480. Stomach ache [ɖeryó zúrmo]481. Sweat [ɦúluk]482. Tears [ʈʂ h ]483. Testicle [ʈʂo:] sg. [ʈʂ w e] pl484. Thigh [ʃsna:] sg [ʃsne] pl.485. Thirst [unyá:l]486. Thirsty [unyéilo]487. Throat [ʂó:ʈo] sg. [ʂó:ʈe] pl.488. Toe [péʋ ʌŋú]489. Toe nail [péʋ ʌŋú nó:r]490. Tongue [ʤip]491. Tooth [dón] sg. [dóni] pl.492. Tooth ache [dóno rók]493. Treatment [ilá:ʧ]494. Tuberculosis [ʃuʃuró:k]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 93495. Tumor [ʈ h ó:ki]496. Urine [míko]497. Vagina [gáti]498. Vein [na:r]499. Vertigo [tiríʋ]500. Vomit [ʧ h á:ʈi]501. Waist [ɖʌxʌʈí:]502. Weeping [ró:no]503. Wound [gá:l] sg. [gá:le] pl.504. Wrinkle [brko] sg. [brke] pl.505. Wrist [k h rís]506. Yawn [ɦa:]9.5. Food, Drinks, cooking, utensils etc.:507. Ashes [dá:l]508. Bag [bʌstá:] (from Urdu)509. Beef [dó:no mó:s]510. Beer [biyər]511. Biscuit [biskú:ʈ]512. Blade [k h urú:] (barber’s blade)513. Boiled rice [rá ]514. Boiled vegetable [ráðo ʃá:]515. Bottle [bo:tól]516. Bowl [muɣúr] sg. [muɣuréh] pl.517. Bread [ʈí:ki]518. Breakfast(morning) [ʧ h inn](noon) [dʌzó:](evening) [bʌzúki]519. Brew [ʌym] sg. [ʌyʌméh] pl.520. Broth [pʌkʧá:]521. Butter [ʤú:li]522. Buttermilk [méəl] (~ [mé:l])523. Cake [ke:k]524. Cheese [burús]

94Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary525. Churning rod [ʈʂ h ʌpáro] sg. [ʈʂ h ʌparéh] pl.526. Chutney [ʧiʈini]527. Coal [ká:ro]528. Coffee [kɔp h í:]529. Cook [bái t h e:nek]530. Cooking pot [zá:ŋs][bóɳ]531. Cream [ʃʌml] sg. [ʃʌmʌléh] pl.532. Cup [Koréh]533. Curds [múʈo dú:t]534. Curry [pʌkʧá:]Curry (meat) [mozó: pʌkʧá:]Curry (potato) [əló: pʌkʧá:]Curry (veg.) [ʃeʋ pʌkʧá:]535. Dish [bái]536. Dough [á:ʈe]537. Egg [ʈ h ú:l] sg. [ʈ h uléh] pl.538. Essence [ʌrk] sg. [ʌrʌkéh] pl.539. Fat [ʈ h ú:lo] Adj.540. Fish [ʧ h ímo]541. Flesh [mó:s]542. Food [bai]543. Fruit [me:ʋá:]544. Fruit juice [me:ʋá: ói]545. Frying pan [toqlé:]546. Fuel [dino káʈe]547. Ghee [dálo ʤú:li]548. Glass [gilás]549. Grinding stone [yʐa bʈi]550. Heat (of sun) [ʦ h t](kitchen) [t:to]551. Honey [mʌʈʂí:]552. Jar (earthen pot) [ʈekér] sg. [ʈekeréh] pl.553. Kerosene [sʌtél] (sʌ èarth’, tél òil’)554. Kettle [kítt(ʌ)li]555. Kitchen [bái t h enek gó:ʂ]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 95556. Knife [kəɽá:r] sg. [kəɽá:reh] pl.557. Ladle [ɖóri]558. Lid [k h :ʈo] sg. [k h :ʈe] pl.559. Liquor [ʃʌráp]560. Loaf of bread [bʌɣái][lʌp]561. Match stick [sill]562. Meal [bʌi]563. Meat [mós]564. Milk [ʌŋ ]565. Mirror [əiná:]566. Narrow neckedpitcher [ʈekér]567. Nutrition [ta:kʌtyó bái]568. Nut cracker [ʌmbú:r] sg. [ʌmbú:reh]569. Oil [num]570. Opium [ʈʂʌŋúl] sg. [ʈʂʌŋúle] pl.571. Pakoda (an eatable) [pʌkó:ɽa]572. Pan [toqlé:h][za:ŋluk] (Balti word)573. Papad [pa:p:ɽ]574. Parched rice ]575. Pen knife [ʧúɳi kʌɽár]576. Pestle ŋó])577. Pickle ]578. Pitcher [ʈó:ki] (~ [ʈóki])579. Plate [tʌbk]580. Poison [zhər]581. Pot (earthen) [ʈekér]582. Powder [po:ɖór]583. Rice ]584. Saffron [kurkúm]585. Salt [lúɳi]586. Saucer [pʌlé:ʈ]587. Scissors [dukʈ] sg. [dukʈeh] pl.588. Seer (measure) [se:r] (1 kg.)

96Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary[vaʈí:] (2 kg.)589. Shell [əpóŋya] (no pl.)590. Sieve [dʌlí:ʂ] sg. [dʌlí:ʐe] pl.591. Smoke [duúm]592. Soup [ʌzúm] sg. [ʌzuméh] pl.593. Spice [mʌsála]594. Spoon ] pl.595. Steam [l h ʌŋs] (from Balti)596. Stove [siʈóp]597. Strainer [ʦ h áks] sg. [ʦ h ákse] pl.598. Squash [sukwá:ʃ]599. Stale [pró:ni]600. Sugar [k h ɳ]601. Sugar candy [ʃél ʃəkr]602. Tea [ʧa:]603. Tiffin [bái]604. Tin [ɖʌbá:] sg. [ɖʌbé:] pl.605. Tobacco [tmbaku]606. Tongs [mɛln] sg. [mɛlɛnéh] pl.607. Utensils [záŋs]608. Vinegar [ʌtr] `scent’609. Water [oi]610. Wine [dʃo oi] ([dʃo]=grapes,[oi]=water)611. Winnowing pan [b:ʈʂɛn] (~[b:ʈʂ h ɛn])612. Yolk [ʈ h lyó ló:lli] (~[ʈ h lyó ló:li])613, Yarn [eryó:no]9.6. Clothing, ornaments, care etc.:614. Anklet [paʧuí]615. Armlet [ka:]616. Arrow [ko:ɳ]617. Axe [gʌɽá:]618. Bag (big) [bʌstá:]619. Banian (underwear of shirt) [bʌniyán]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 97620. Bell [gʌɳʈí:]621. Belt [kʌʃkí:]622. Blanket [ʤó:li]623. Blouse [kurté:ni] (?)624. Bow [trʌkúm]625. Bracelet [ká:v] sg. [ká:] pl.626. Button [ʈʌk]627. Cap [k h ói] sg. [k h óe] pl.628. Chappals(foot-wear) [k h ɽʌk] sg. [k h ʌɽʌké] pl.629. Cloak [ʈʂ h í:li] sg. [ʈʂ h í:le] pl.630. Cloth [ʤəmáli]631. Clothing [ʧ h ɪlik h we] (~[ʧ h ɪluk h we])632. Coat [ko:ʈ] sg. [ko:ʈéh] pl.633. Collar [gombá:]634. Comb (men) [kaŋí:](ladies) [kóŋo]635. Cotton [kupás]636. Crutch [ɖɪŋári] sg. [ɖɪŋárye] pl.637. Cymbal [dó:l] (leather drum beaten with sticks)638. Dhoti [do:tí:]639. Diamond [yʌkú:t]640. Dress [ʧ h iluk h wé]641. Drum [zem] (wooden barrel)642. Ear ring (small) [kʌɳ(ə)wá:ʤi](big) ](hollow)[ʤuró:ŋe]643. Emerald [yu:] sg. [yu:e] pl.644. Fiber [ʤʌʈ] sg. [ʤʌʈe] pl.645. Flute [tʌruí] sg. [tʌrué] pl.646. Frock [p h irák]647. Fur [bʌɸúr][ʤʌʈ][pʌʂ]648. Gem [tɪŋ]649. Glove [htʌ kú:te]

98Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary650. Gown [ʧ h ílo][bʌʈʂ h ó] (goat-skin gown worn by theLadakhis)651. Handkerchief [lʌkp h ís][rumá:l]652. Hand towel(napkin) [tolyá:]653. Iron [ʧímer] sg. [ʧímere] pl.654. Jewel [ʤova:hí:r][hí:r]655. Knife [kʌɽá:r] sg. [kʌɽa:réh] pl.656. Lace [ʧ h ʌɣá:]657. Leather [ʧom]658. Linen [li:lén]659. Loin cloth [kʌʧ h á:] (~[kʌʧʧá:])660. Loom [ʈʂó:ʂ] sg. [ʈʂó:ʐe] pl.661. Lungi (under cover) [dotí:]662. Mirror [á:yna][ʃiʃá:]663. Necklace [ʃʌríʂo] sg. [ʃʌríʐe] pl.664. Needle [su:] sg. [sue] pl.665. Nose ring [nʌtíŋ] sg. [nʌtiŋéh] pl.666. Ornaments [bá:leka:]667. Pyjama [ʦʌléni] sg. [ʦʌlen(i)yé] pl.668. Pearl [motík] sg. [motikéh] pl.669. Pocket(men’s dress) [ʧʌndá:](women’s dress) [ʂtur] sg. [ʂʌturéh] pl.670. Rain hat [áʐo k h ói]671. Razor [k h urú:] sg. [k h uruéh] pl.672. Ring [aŋéilo]673. Ruby [ló:lo tíŋ]674. Sandals [ʦ:pi] sg. [ʦ:p y e] pl.675. Sapphire ] sg. [nɪlɪméh] pl.676. Sari [dʌχón] sg. [dʌχonéh] pl.677. Scarf [gulbn] sg. [gulbʌnéh] pl.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 99678. Shawl [bɽi dʌχón]679. Sheath [k h ŋaro t h éko] `keeper of sword’680. Shirt [kurté:ni] sg. [kurte:néh] pl.681. Shoe [buʈé:][kʌrʌ pʌtéh]682. Shorts [ki:ʈ]683. Silk ]684. Sleeve [boi] sg. [boe] pl.685. Sling [pʌʈí:]686. Soap [sʌbón] sg. [sʌbonéh] pl.687. Sock [pʌyó:]688. Spear [bʌrʧ í:][nizá:] (Urdu word)689. Spectacles [ʤále]690. Spindle [ʈʂku] sg. [ʈʂʌké] pl.691. Stick [ɖki] sg. [ɖʌkéh] pl.[ɖiŋá:ri]692. Sword [k h ʌŋá:r] sg. [k h ʌŋa:ré] pl.693. Toe ring [pév ʌŋélo]694. Tool [lkʧ h a:]695. Towel [bɽo tol y á:]696. Toy [ʦuk w é:] (~[ʦuké:])697. Trousers [ʦʌléni]698. Turban [pʌʂó:] sg. [pʌʂé] pl.699. Umbrella [ʃé:lo]700. Veil [burká:]701. Waist coat [wa:skʈ]702. Whip [ʈʂ h ]703. Wool [pʌʂ]704. Wreath [púʂo gáɳo]9.7. House and parts of it etc.:705. Arch [tʌɣó:] (from Balti?)706. Attic [gó:ʂ] sg. [gó:ʐe] pl.707. Bathroom [ɣósul k h aná]

100Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary708. Beam (of light) [ʈʂa:](of building) [bʌml] sg. [bʌmʌléh] pl.709. Bed [bʌt h áre][ʧrpa:i]710. Bed bug [p h ʃi] sg. [p h ʃe] pl.711. Bedroom [so:na go:ʂ][so:nek lit]712. Bed sheet [ʦʌzr]713. Bench [beɲʧ]714. Blanket [kʌmbl] sg. [kʌmbʌléh] pl.715. Bolster (pillow) [unó:] sg. [uné:h] pl.(to lean back) [tɛn]716. Bolt [ʧirkiníh]717. Box [groms]718. Brick [diʂʈík] sg. [diʂʈikéh] pl.719. Broom [ló:ʃi] sg. [lo:ʃ y éh] pl.720. Bucket [ba:ɭʈí:n]721. Building [liti] sg. [lite] pl.722. Camp [kemp]723. Carpet [ka:lí:n](~[qa:lí:n])sg. [ka:lí:ne]pl.724. Castle [kó:ʈ]725. Ceiling [uɭʈá ʧ h t]726. Chair [kurʧí:] sg. [kurʧéh] pl.727. Cot [ʧarpi]728. Court yard [dá:ʂʈ]729. Cow shed :l]730. Cupboard [ʌlmarí:]731. Curtain [pʌrdá:]732. Door [dr]733. Easy chair [a:rá:m kurʦí:]734. Fan [pʌŋká:]735. Floor [pʌt h á:r]736. Fountain [k h úro]737. Gate [tʌɣó:]738. Hall [ha:l]739. Hearth (fire place) [ʈʂʌŋú:l]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 101740. Hinge [kʌbzá:] sg. [kʌbzé:] pl.742. House [go:ʂ]743. Hut [ɖú:kur] sg. [ɖu:kuréh] pl.744. Key [ʧ h ʌí]745. Ladder ]746. Lamp [ʦʌŋú:]747. Latch (lock-on) [kuʦúr] sg. [kuʦuréh] pl.Latch (moving part) [hʌŋkl]748. Lantern [la:ɭʈí:n]749. Lock [ʧ h ʌyló:l] sg. [ʧ h ʌylo:léh] pl.750. Mat (general) [ʧ h ʌrí:] sg. [ʧ h ʌr y éh] pl.(made of grass) [ʧ h ʌstn] sg. [ʧ h ʌstʌn[zʌŋgóʂ]] pl.(made of goat skin) [zʌŋgóʂ] sg. [zʌŋgoʂéh] pl.751. Mattress (cotton) [gʌdéla] sg. [gʌdéle] pl.(wool) [hʌrút] sg. [hʌrutéh] pl.752. Marble [sŋgʌ mʌrmr]753. Mosquito net [ʈʂʌʐá:] sg. [ʈʂʌʐé:] pl.754. Nail [kí:li] sg. [kí:l y éh] pl.755. Pendal (tent) [gut] ])756. Peg [kʌʈé:li kíli](kʌʈé:li=wooden, kíli=nail)757. picture [nʌkʃá:]758. Pillar [t h úɳ]759. Pillow [unó:] sg. [unó:e] pl.760. Plinth [k h úro] sg. [k h úre] pl.761. Quilt [gʌdéla] sg. [gʌdéle] pl.762. Rafter [bo:ʃ] sg. [bo:ʃe] pl.763. Roof [ʃʌró:ɳ] sg. [ʃʌro:ɳéh] pl.764. Room [lit] (~[léit])765. Rope [ráʒu] sg. [ráʒe] pl.766. Ring [ʤó:li] sg. [ʤó:le] pl.767. Scream [krív] sg. [kríve] pl.768. Sofa [sofá:]769. Shed [ʤossál] sg. [ʤossále] pl.770. Stable (horse-shed) ] pl.771. Staircase ]

102Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary772. Storey [póro] sg. [póre] pl.773. Swing [ʤu:lá:] sg. [ʤu:léh] pl.774. Table [me:s] sg. [me:ze] pl.775. Tap [nʌlká:]776. Teapoy [ʧúɳi me:s]777. Tent ])778. Terrace [ʃəró:ɳ]779. Thrashing floor [k h ʌl]780. Threshold [k h rini drba:ʈi]781. Tile (roof) [ʃəró:ɳ]782. Tower [ʧóki diʃ] (ʧóki=high, diʃ=place)783. Tube [na:lí:] sg. [na:l y éh] pl.784. Verandah [bʌrʌɳɖá:]785. Wall ]786. Wax candle [mo:mbʌttí:]787. Well (water) [bíri]788. Window [trái]789. Yard (measurement) [diʂʈ] sg. [diʂʈe] pl.9.8. Farming, gardening, trees, vegetables, fruits, flowers:790. Ajawan(Bishop’s weed) [kúmboq són] (són= seed)791. Almond [bá:dʌm]792. Apple [pʌló:]793. Areca nut [supá:ri]794. Arum [xáʃxaʃ] (~ [k h áʃk h aʃ])795. Axe (big) [gʌɽá](small) [ʧ h ʌɽl(carpenter’ tool) [táʈʂi]796. Bamboo :s]797. Banana [ké:la] sg. [ké:le] pl.798. Bark (of tree) [dílo] sg. [díle] pl.799, Barley [yo:]800. Barn [s w á:] ([k h aliha:n] in Hindi)801. Barrow [ré:ɽa]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 103802. Beans [muʈ h ú:]802. Black gram [ʧins]803. Black pepper [kíɳo mruʂ] (black round seed)[ló:o mruʂ] (red chilly)804. Branch (of tree) [b:ko] sg. [b:ke] pl.805. Brinjal (egg plant) [va:ŋgn]806. Bud [ʧ h ʌʈúl] sg. [ʧ h ʌʈuléh] pl.807. Cabbage [bn góbi]808. Canal (small) [yʌp](big) [i:l]809. Cane [dílo]810. Cardemom [ela:ʧí:] sg. [ela:ʧ y é] pl.811. Carrot [ga:ʤr] sg. [ga:ʤʌréh] pl.812. Cashew nut [ka:ʒú:]813. Cassia [da:lʧí:ni] ([da:lʧí:ni] in Hindi)814. Cauliflower [p h úl gó:bi]815. Champa flower [iʂké:pʌr púʂi]816. Chilly [mruʃ] ([mʌró:ʂ]=black grapes)817. Cinnamon [alá:]818. Clove [zerúh] ([lo:ŋ] in Hindi)819. Coconut [k h opá:](cover) [k h ópo dílo](kernel) [k h opá:](oil) [k h ópo té:l]820. Cotton plant [kupáso t h ok]821. Creeper [k h ríh]822. Crow bar [ʤʌbl] sg. [ʤʌbʌléh] pl.823. Cucumber [mú:lo] sg. [mú:le] pl.824. Cumin seed [əyáv] (it may be `zeera’)825. Dall (pigeon-pea) [mózur] sg. [mózure] pl.826. Dam [bʌn] sg. [bʌne] pl.(small) [bʌni]827. Date palm [k h órma:] sg. [k h rméh] pl.828. Dentist [dó:no ɖákʈʌr]829. Fallow land [da:s]830. Farm [ʈʂ h é:ʂ] sg. [ʈʂ h é:ʐe] pl.

104Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary831. Farmer [zʌmindá:r] sg. [zʌminda:réh] pl.832. Fence [ʤa:lí:] `mesh, net’ [ʤa:léh] pl.][ʧimíro tár] `barbed wire]833. Fig [ʈáŋ]834. Field (farm) [ʈʂ h e:ʂ]835. Flour [á:ʈe]836. Flower [púʂo] sg. [púʂe] pl.837. Fodder [ʧ h ʌk] sg. [ʧ h ʌké] pl.838. Fruit [me:vá:] sg. [me:vé:] pl.839. Furrow (small canal) [yʌp](big canal) [i:l]840. Garden [bá:k] sg. [bʌkéh] pl.841. Garlic [gokpá:] sg. [gokpé:] pl.842. Ginger [áʐi][ʃiŋŋér]843. Godown(wearhouse) [díʃ]844. Gourd [kʌdú:]845. Gram [ʧʌná:]846. Grape [dʌʃ] sg. [dʃe] pl.847. Grass [kʌʂ] sg. [kʌʂe] pl. (many grasses)848. Greens [ní:li]849. Green coconut [ʔó:mo khopá:]850. Green gram [ʧins] sg. [ʧinʌséh] pl.851. Ground nut [mump h li]852. Green peas [k w é:]853. Guava fruit [əmrú:d] sg. [əmrutéh] pl.854. Hawk [t h ók] sg. [thoké] pl.855. Hay [súku kʌʂ]856. Herb [ʧ h ilíʂ] sg. [ʧ h iliʂéh] pl.[búre]857. Horse gram [swáh]858. Jasmine [puɳr] sg. [puɳʌré] pl.(~ [púɳʌr])859. Jute [borá:] sg. [boréh] pl.860. Kidney beans [muʈ h ú:] (no plural)861. Lady’s finger [ʂómo]862. Land [kúi]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 105863. Leaf [p:ʈo] sg. [p:ʈe]pl.(~[p:ʈo],~[p:ʈʈo])864. Lemon [lémʌn] (no pl.)865. Lilly [oi púʂo] (`water flower)866. Long pepper [lo:ŋ] `clove’867. Lotus l]868. Maize [məki] sg. [məkie] pl.869. Mace [ɖop h ós] sg. [ɖop h oséh] pl.870. Mango (fruit) [a:m](pit) [a:m ɖóko](tree) ]871. Manure [pa:ʂ]872. Market [hʌʈ y é:]873. Marsh [nʌmbél] sg. [nʌmbeléh] pl.874. Melon [ɣon]875. Mushroom [ʃɪɳʈí:li] sg. [ʃɪɳʈi:l y é] pl.(~[ʃʌɳʈí:li])876. Mustard [yuŋskr] (~[yu:ŋskr])877. Nut [káli] sg. [kál y e] pl.878. Oil cake [pʌʧá:]879. Onion [ʦoŋ]880. Orange (ə)rá:] (~[sʌntʌrá:])881. Paddy (crop) [dʌy:]882. Paddy (plant) [dʌy: t h ók]883. Palm tree [k h ]884. Pasture [yu:t] sg. [yu:té:] pl.885. Pea [k h úkuɳ]886. Petal [púʂo p:ʈe]887. pigeon pea [k h úkuɳ] sg. [k h úkuɳé] pl.888. Pine tree ]889. Plain [da:s]890. Plant [t h ók] sg. [t h oké] pl.891. Plantain (tree) ])(flower) [keló: púʂo](fruit) [keló: me:vá:](leaf) [keló: p:ʈe]

106Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary892. Plough [hʌl]893. Plough share [p h á:l]894. Pomegranate [dʌɳó:]895. Potato [ʌlú:]896. Pond ]897. Pot for plant [kʌrí:] sg. [kʌryé:] pl898. Pulley [gɽa:ri] sg. [gʌɽa:ré:] pl.899. Pumpkin [kʌdú:]900. Radish [mú:lo]901. Rice ]902. Road [pon]903. Roof [ʧ h ilíʂ] sg. [ʧ h ilíʂéh] pl.904. Rose [gulápo púʂo]905. Sago [bʌdyá:n] (~[bʌðyá:n])906. Sandal wood [ʦʌndn]907. Saw [ʌr]908. Seed :]909. Shovel [p h y:li] sg. [p h y:lye] pl.910. Sickle [ʔóŋo] sg. [ʔóŋe] pl.911. Spade [kʌlámi]912. Spiked small harrow [brʌt]913. Spiked millet [pʌŋká:]914. Stalk [kʌŋ][dóɳo]915. Stone of fruit :]916. Straw [ʃúku kʂ]917. Sugarcane [ɖambú:]918. Sun flower [gulé ʌstáp]919. Sweet potato [ʃkər kɳɖ]920. Tamarind tree ]921. Tank ]922. Teak [ʤó:ʐi] sg. [ʤó:ʐe] pl.923. Tea plant [ʧé:v t h ók]924. Tomato [paɣm]925. Trade [ʦ h óŋ]926. Tree ]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 107927. Trunk (of tree) [ɖím]928. Turmeric [hʌlí:ʐi]929. Twig [b:ko] sg. [b:ke]930. Vegetable [ʃa:]931. Walnut [ʌʈʂ h ó:] sg. [ʌʈʂ h é:] pl.932. Watermelon [bowár] (no pl.)933. Water wheel [kopúh] sg. [kopúe] pl.934. Wheel [girí:] sg. [giryé:] pl.935. Wheat [gu:m]936. Yoke [ná:l] sg. [nalé] pl.9.9. Professions and professional equipments:937. Anvil [m:to] sg. [m:te] pl.938. Artist [mistrí:] (home builder)939. Artisan [ʃiŋk h n] sg. [ʃiŋk h ʌné] pl.940. Astrologer [hʌr reʈʂ kenek] (palmist)941. Author [kitá:p lik h ének]942. Axle [eksél]943. Baker [nan bá:yi] (Kashmiri word)944. Balance [trʌkéɽi] (no pl.)945. Barber [ʈ h ʌkúr] sg. [ʈ h ʌkuréh] pl.946. Basket [ʈúkuri]947. Beggar [biʈʂá:lo] (~[biʈʂá:no])948. Blacksmith [ʌká:r]949. Book [kitáp]950. Book seller [kitáp krinének]951. Bottle [bo:tól]952. Broker [dʌlá:l]953. Brush [burúʃ] sg. [burúʃéh] pl.954. Butcher [kʌsáyi] (~[kʌsái]) (from Urdu)955. Carpenter [ʃiŋk h n]956. Chisel [rzuŋ] (rod for making hole [só:r])957. Clay [ʧiʧél][kʌpr]958. Clay mould [pʌr]

108Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary959. Clerk [munʃí:]960. Confectioner [miʈ h ái krinének]961. Coppersmith [ʌká:r] (same as blacksmith)962. File [sʌkdár] (~[sʌqdár])963. Fisherman [ʧ h íme rʌʈének](~[ʧ h íme k h ʌlének])964. Fowler (hunter) [ʃikarí:]965. Gardener [ba:gbá:n]966. Glass [gilá:s]967. Goldsmith [so:n pr:nɛk] (~same as [ʌká:r])968. Grocer [hʌʈí:pa:]969. Groom [dʌrzí:]`tailor’,[tʌrzí:]`horse rider’970. Gum [go:n]971. Hammer [əʈ h ó:ra] sg. [əʈ h ó:réh] pl.(sledge) [t h wa:]972. Jeweler [ʤʌvá:hir krinének]973. Labourer [krom t h ének]974. Magician [ʤʌdúgʌr]975. Mason [mistrí:]976. Merchant [hʌʈí:pa]977. Metal cast [ʌká:r] (same as blacksmith etc)978. Midwife [k h ídmʌtgár]979. Milkman [dút krinének]980. Money lender [su:t k h ó:r]981. Needle [su:]982. Net [ʤalí:]983. Nurse [nʌrs]984. Oilman [tel krinének]985. Paint [róŋ]986. Painter [róŋ t h ének]987. Painting [róŋ t h yóno]988. Pan seller [pa:n krinének]989. Perfume seller [ʌtṛ krinének]990. Pincers [ʌmbú:r]991. Porter [mʌzdú:r]992. Postman [ɖakpá:]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 109993. Potter [kulá:l]994. Printer [kitá:p k h alének]995. Rope dancer [ráʒugi nʌʈé:k]996. Sailor [kiʃtí: yʌzé:nek]997. Sculptor [bʌʈi oknek]998. Shepherd [pʌyá:lo]999. Shoe maker [mo:ʧí:]1000. Shop keeper [hʌʈí:pa]1001. Shuttle [mʌʈ h ó:r]1001. Spindle [ʈʂ:ku] sg. [ʈʂke] pl.1002. Spinning wheel [indér]1003. Statue [ku:] sg. [kue] pl.1004. Surgeon [ʌpréʃʌn t h ének ɖákʈʌr]1005. Sweeper [ʂá:r t h ének]1006. Tailor [dʌrzí:]1007. Tin plate [ʈinó t h á:n] (?)1008. Touch stone [páli] sg. [palyé] pl.1009. Thread [gú:ɳi] sg. [gú:ɳe] pl.1010. Washer man [dobí:]1011. Weaver [ʈʂʌʐá:] sg. [ʈʂʌʐé:] pl.9.10. Road, Transport:1012. Aeroplane [hʌvái ʤʌház]1013. Boat [kiʃtí:]1014. Bridge [ɖaŋó:] sg. [ɖaŋé:] pl.1015. Bullock cart [dóno ga:ɽí:]1016. Rickshaw [rikʃá:]1017. Bus [bʌs]1018. Conveyance [ga:ɽí:] sg. [ga:ɽyé:] pl.1019. Engine [iɲʤén]1020. Ferry boat [kiʃtí:]1021. Lane [dá:ʂʈ]1022. Litter [ʧ h ám]1023. Mast (of flag etc) [ɖáki] sg. [ɖákye] pl. (~[ɖáke])1024. Motor car [moʈṛ ká:r]

110Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1025. Palanquin [zʌmpá:na]1026. Path [pón]1027. Rudder [kiʃtyó: p h y:li]1028. Saddle [pʌló:n]1029. Ship [sʌmʌndʌrí ʤʌhá:z]1030. Street [pon]1031. Train [ré:l]1032. Way [pon]1033. Whip ] pl.9.11. Adverbs and adjectives:1034. All [bú:ɽe] (~[búɽe])1035. Alone [ékbo]1036. Bad [ʌʦ h ko]1037. Big [b:ɽo]1038. Blunt [mun]1039. Brave [bʌhádur]1040. Broad [bistí:ɳi]1041. Busy [mʌʃgú:l] (~[mʌʒgú:l])[láv krom] `many work’1042. Careful [huʃyá:r][mʌhsu:s] (Urdu word)1043. Charm [ʂʌó:ko]1044. Cheap [sʌstá:]1045. Circle (line) [kɪʂí:]1046. Clever [huʃyá:r][ʧalá:k]1047. Cold [ʈʂe:][ʈʂʌŋú:]1048. Costly [me:ŋá:]1049. Crooked [kó:lo]1050. Cross [lʌŋ]1051. Curved [bʌráʦi]1052. Curl [k h iŋíro][ʤʌkuí]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1111053. Damp [bʌt]1054. Dead [mu:k]1055. Deep [guɽúmo]1056. Delight [ʃuryá:][k h oʃí:]1057. Difficult [muʃkí:l]1058. Dirty [ʌʦ h ko]1059. Drenched [biʐ y ó:no] (~[biʒ y ó:no])1060. Dry [ʃúko]1061. Empty [gú:ʧo]1062. Enough [buʧ h é:]1063. Equal [pʌrúlo]1064. False [ʧo:ʈ] (noun), [ʧóɽe] (adj)1065. Famous [nó:m][mʌʃhú:r]1066. Fat [t h úlo]1067. Fault [kusú:r][gʌltí:]1068. Few [zá:sek] (uncountable)[ʈʂé:k] (countable)1069. Fear [biʒí:]1070. Fine [s y ó:] (men, texture)1071. Flat (plain) [tʌltlo]1072. Fold [tah]1073. Foolish [bevkú:f]1074. Full [puré:]1075. Funny [hʌzú:ʈo]1076. Fresh [ta:zá:]1077. Generous [saχí:]1078. Good [s y ó:][sí:]1079. Great [bɽo]1080. Greatness [bɽyár][bɽ ]1081. Greedy [tʌmá:][la:liʧ]

112Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1082. Hard [kúro][hʌzá:lo]1083. Heavy [ʌŋú:ro]1084. High [ɖŋo]1085. Hole [ʈʂur]1086. Hollow [gú:ʧo]1087. Honest [dyʌnʌtí:] (~[dnʌti])[dá:na:]1088. Hot [tto][kuro] (=Hindi sakhat)1089. Horizontal [bʌrʧo] (~[bʌrʦo])1090. Innocent [ma:sú:m]Inside[aʐó]1091. Kind [mehṛbá:n]1092. Kindly [ʤúʤu]1093. Lame [k h úɳo]1094. Lean [k h aʧí:lo]1095. Light [ʈʂa:] (light)[ló:ko] (weight)1096. Little [ʧuɳo][zá:sek]1097. Long [ɖŋo]1098. Loud [ʌlí:t h e]1099. Loudly [hilíŋ]1100. Low [ʧ h út]1101. Mad [yʈʂəlo]1102. Many [buʧ h e] (~[buʧʧ h e])[ʤá:pek]1103. Miser [kʌɲʤú:s]1104. Mixture ]1105. More [buʧʧ h e][bsko] ènough’1106. Much [bsko]1107. Narrow [ʌrú:no]1108. Naughty [roʐáʈo]1109. Neatness [sʌfái]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1131110. New [na:v]1111. Notorious [k h ʌʧunó:m] (~[k h :ʧunom])[bʌdná:m] (from Urdu)1112. Open [bʌs]1113. Old [pró:no] (thing)[ʤá:ro] (man)1114. Pale [gúro]1115. Partiality [k h á:r]1116. Patient [rugyá:t] (~[rogyá:t])1117. Permanent [qá:yʌm]1118. Poor [gərí:p]1119. Price [ba:v]1120. Raw [ʔó:mo][nerádok]1121. Ready [dulílo][tayá:r]1122. Rectangle [ʧʌrkúʈo]1123. Rich [əmí:r][rʌʋí:s]1124. Right [dʂʈi boŋkhíŋ] (opp. of wrong)[si:] (side)1125. Ripe [p:ko]1126. Rogue [ʌʦ h ko]1127. Rotten [krído]1128. Rough [ʧ h ído]1129. Round ]1130. Shallow [lá:to:]1131. Shape [ʃkḷ] (~[ʃkʌl])[nʌkʃá:]1132. Sharp [tí:ɳi]1133. Short [k h úʈo]1134. Shut [bʌn]1135. Shy [lʌʃ bó:no]1136. Sign (gift) [séəl] (~[sé:l]~ [se:l])1137. Similar [pʌrú:lo]1138. Size [eki ká:lo] (?)

114Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1139. Slow [t h ú:tbo]1140. Slowly [t h ú:tt h e]1141. Small [ʧúɳo] sg. [ʧúɳe] pl.1142. Smart [ʧalá:k]1143. Smooth [s:ʈʂo]1144. Sober [nóto ʂʌʧó:no][tiyá:r]1145. Soft [hʌzá:lo][nrʌm] (from Urdu)1146. Solid [kúru]1147. Sphere [ɖuɽú:ro]1148. Square [ʧʌrkú:ʈo]1149. Straight [ʈʂʌlá:]1150. Stingy [kúɲʤú:s]1151. Stout [mʌʒbú:t][ta:kʌtwa:r]1152. Strength [ta:kʌt]1153. Strong [ta:kʌtwa:r]1154. Stupid [ʌχmq]1155. Such [əná:v]1156. Tame [rʈʂinek]1157. Terrible [biʒá:ʈo]1158. Thick [p h ʌɽó:ro]1159. Thickness [p h ʌɽo:ryá:r]1160. Thin [tʌlú:no]1161. Thinness [tʌlunyá:r]1162. Tired [ʧ h í:do] (verb)[ʂó:mo] (adj.)1163. True [dəmn]1164. Truly [dəmngi]1165. Ugly [əʦ h ko][zosta nuʃik] (?)1166. Uncivilized [ʤʌgenepəʃa:k]1167. Useful [króm ʔe:nek][p h yaaydá:man]1168. Various [buʧ h é] (~[buʧʧ h é]) `many, much’

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 115[ʤápek]1169. Vertical [ʧóko]1170. Vice [əʦ h ko]1171. Virtue [s y o:]1172. Weak [k h aʧílo]1173. Weakness [k h aʧilyá:r]1174. Wealth [má:l do:lt]1175. Weight [ʌŋú:ro] (adj.)[ʌŋuryá:r] (Noun.)[vzʌn]1176. Wet [ʐo]1177. Wicked [kʌmzá:t][bʌdzá:t]1178. Wide [bostí:no]1179. Wild [ʤʌŋg(ʌ)lí:]1180. Wise ][da:ná:]9.12. Directions and measurements:1181. Across [pa:rí:]1182. Area [k h ʌrk h ór]1183. Bottom [ʈóni] (~[ʈó:ni])[ta:v]1184. Breadth [bistiɳyá:t] (~[bistiɳyá:r])1185. Centre [mʌʒá:]1186. Corner [kurú:]1187. East [k h ʌrt h e][súri bé:nek vri][súri k h zenek vri]1188. Edge [ʧ h úp][muk h ]1189. End [mo:][ʧ h úp]1190. Far [du:r]1191. Far away [mɣʌ dúr]

116Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1192. Left side [k h ái bómk h íŋ] (~[k h ái bóŋk h íŋ])1193. Length [ʐiŋyá:r][ɖʌŋyá:r]1194. Maund [mʌn]1195. Middle [mʌʒí:no]1196. Mile [mi:l]1197. Near [ʔé:li][ʔé:lo]1198. North [aχrət ʧən] (~[ak h rət ʧən])1199. Out [dʌró:]1200. Part [hisá:]1201. Place [diʃ]1202. Point [ʈíko]1203. Right side [dʂʈi bók h iŋ]1204. Right hand [dʂʈino hat]1205. Sight [nəzr]1206. South [pʌybóm]1207. Span [pʌráh] (~[pʌrá])1208. Top (of the body) [ʂi:ʂ](a play tool) [ʈ h ó:ki]1209. Triangle [ʈʂekúʈo]1210. Upwards [ʔónt h e] (~[ʔómt h e])[aʤá:] or [aʤí:no] òn, above’1211. West [súri byé:nek vri][súri ʤílbe:nek vri][mʌɣrʌb] (from Urdu)1212. Yard [gʌs]9.13. Numerals and ordinals:1213. First [miʒúko]1214. Second [dumó:go]1215. Third [ʈʂemó:go]1216. Number [tedá:t]1217. One [ek]1218. Two [du:]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1171219. Three [ʈʂe:]1220. Four [ʧa:r]1221. Five [põ:ʃ]1222. Six [ʂa:]1223. Seven [sʌt]1224. Eight :ʂʈ]1225. Nine [nʌu]1226. Ten [dai]1227. Eleven [ʌkái]1228. Twelve [b w ai] (~[boi])1229. Thirteen [ʈʂõ ]1230. Fourteen ]1231. Fifteen ]1232. Sixteen ]1233. Seventeen [sʌttá:i]1234. Eighteen ]1235. Nineteen [kũnní:]1236. Twenty [bi:]1237. Thirty [ʈʂi:]1238. Forty [du byo:] `2x20’1239. Fifty [du byo:ɣʌ dai] `2x20+10’1240. Sixty [ʈʂe byo:] `3x20’1241. Seventy [ʈʂe byo:ɣʌ dai] `3x20+10’1242. Eighty [ʧar byo:] `4x20’1243. Ninety [ʧar byo:ɣʌ dai] `4x20+10’1244. Hundred [ʃʌl]1245. Thousand [sa:s]1246. Lakh (100x1000) [la:k h ]1247. Crore (ten million) [kʌro:ʈ]1248. Quarter [ʧa:r k h p][muk]1249. Half [bʌɣái]1250. Three quarters [ʈʂe hise] `three shares’1251. One and a quarter [ek ɣʌ ʧa:r hise]1252. One and a half [ek ɣʌ bʌɣái]1253. One and three

118Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabularyquarters[ek ɣʌ mu:ki ʈʂé:]1254. Last [pto]9.14. Time, months and seasons:1255. Afternoon [dʌzó:][lʌŋs] ?1256. Afterwards [pʌtó:]1257. Again [p h ere] (~[p h ɛrɛ])[baɽá:]1258. Already [mé:ʒe]1259. Always [dé:zo]1260. Autumn [ʃáre]1261. Age [bʌríʂ]1262. Before [mé:ze]1263. Century [ʃʌl bʌriʂ]1264. Clock [bɽi gʌɽí]1265. Daily [dé:zo]1266. Day [de:s]1267. Day (noon) [sú:ri bʌɣái]1268. Day beforeyesterday [ʌʂʈí:]1269. Day after tomorrow [ʈʂí:rye]1270. Date [tarí:k]1271. Evening [bas][ʃya:m] (from Urdu)1272. Fast (quick) [urpó][ló:ko]1273. Fortnight [[pʌʂ][mo:s bʌɣái] `half of the month’1274. Full moon day [pú:ɳo]1275. Hour [gʌɳʈá:]1276. In time [vk(ʌ)te:ʒa]Names of the months:1277. January [ʤʌnevʌri]1278. February [p h ʌrvari]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1191279. March [ma:riʧ]1280. April [əprel]1281. May [me:]1282. June [ʤun]1283. July [ʤulʌi]1284. August [ʌgʌsʈ]1285. September [sʌpʈʌmbʌr]1286. October [ʌktu:bʌr]1287. November [nʌvʌmbʌr]1288. December [ɖʌʃʌmbʌr]Local names of the months and seasons:1289. Summer quarter [vá:lo ʈʂé:mos]1290. Winter quarter [yó:no ʈʂé:mos]1291. Autumn quarter [ʃʌró: ʈʂé:mos]`leaves-falling 3months’1292. Spring quarter [bʌzó:no ʈʂé:mos]`hot days afterwinter’1293. First month [ʧe:t]1294. Second month [bɛsa:k]1295. Third month [ʣe:ʈ]1296. Fourth month [ha:ʈ]1297. Fifth month [sa:vʌn]1298. Sixth month [ba:drun] (~[bʌha:drun])1299. Seventh month [a:su:ʧ]1300. Eighth month [kʌʈʈk]1301. Ninth month [mʌrɣ:r]1302. Tenth month [po:]1303. Eleventh month [a:k]1304. Twelfth month [p h a:ɣʌn]1305. Drama staging [nau]1306. Ild(Muslim festival) [i:d]1307. Ramzan(Muslim festival) [ro:za]1308. Mohram(Muslim festival) [ma:tʌm]1309. Local festival [dakyó]

120Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1310. Late [ʧ h u:t]1311. Midnight [ráti bʌɣái]1312. Moment [ʤú:kek][lʌmha:] (from Urdu)1313. Month [mo:s]1314. Morning [ʧ w ʌl]1315. New moon day [ʈʂi:ŋ] (~[ʈʂ h í:ŋ])1316. Night [ráti]1317. Noon [dʌzó:][súri bʌɣái]1318. Often [p h eré p h eré][ʤú:gga ʤú:k]1319. Rainy season [áʐo: dé:zi]1320. Season [mo:sɪm]1321. Spring [bʌzó:no] (after winter)[uʦ] (of water]1322. Sometimes [ʤʌbélek]1323. Soon [ló:ko]1324. Suddenly [mʒa:][beih:k][ʌʧá:nʌk]1325. Summer [vá:lo] (three months)Week days1326. Sunday [ʌdít]1327. Monday [ʦʌndrá:l]1328. Tuesday [ʌŋgá:ro]1329. Wednesday [bó:do]1330. Thursday [brésput]1331. Friday [ʃúkru][ʤúma:] (from Urdu]1332. Saturday [ʃĩ:ʃé:r][bɛʈʌvá:r] (~[bʌʈʌvá:r])1333. Sunrise [ʤil] (coming)[ʤʌl] (past)1334. Sunset [bé:ʈi][byóno]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1211335. Time [vʌks]1336. Today [ʔʌʃ]1337. Tomorrow [ló:ʂʈe]1338. Turn [go:ɳ]1339. Week [hʌftá:]1340. Winter [yó:no] (three months)1341. Year [ʌvé:o][bʌríʂ]1342. Yesterday [byʌlá:]9.15. Sense of perception:1343. Acidity [khʌʃ]1344. Bitter [ʈʂíʈo]1345. Black [kíɳo]1346. Blind [ʂe:v]1347. Blue [ní:lo]1348. Bright [rʌʃ][ʈʂa:]1349. Brown [nʌsʌvári]1350. Coldness [ʈʂe:]1351. Dark [t h ʌp]1352. Deaf [kú:ʈo]1353. Dim [po]1354. Green [ní:li]1355. Hot [tto] (milk etc.)[ʧ h ʌt] (Sun)1356. Light [lóko] (weight)1357. Noise [hilíŋ]1358. Red [ló:lo]1359. Rosy [gulá:bo róŋ]1360. Scent [gon][ʌtṛ]1361. Sound [mʌʂó][ba:ʂ]1362. Sour [ʈʂíʈo]

122Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1363. Sweet [míʂʈo]1364. Taste [mʌzá:]1365. Touch [hat dyó:no]1366. Vermilion [ló:lo]1367. Violet [gúro][yú:ŋŋo rõŋ]1368. White [ʃo:]1369. Yellow [hʌlíʒo: rõŋ]9.16. Emotion: Temperamental, moral and aesthetic:1370. Affection [ʃirá:ʈo]1371. Anger [ro:ʂ]1372. Anxiety [gun(i)yá:l][hív kumyó:no]1373. Alas! [ʌfsú:s]1374. Attachment [éilo] (~ [éili]~[é:lo])1375. Blame [bʌdná:m]1376. Cause [vʒa]1377. Censure [gunyé sʌmé:][sõ:ʧ sʌmz]1378. Cowardice [biʒé:ʂ]1379. Courage [hi:v bɽo][dilhé:r] (from Urdu)1380. Danger [χʌt(ʌ)ra:]1381. Dear [ʃirá:ʈo]1382. Deceit [do:ká:][nfa:]1383. Despair [hi:v ʧ h inyó:no][kailʌk bo:no] (out of sense)[na: ume:t] (from Urdu)1384. Doubt [ʃʌk]1385. Envy [dʌʤé:ʃ][dʌʒó:no]1386. Flattery [tik y ó:no]1387. Fury [ro:ʂ]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1231388. Grief [duk]1389. Habit [a:dt]1390. Happiness [ʃuryá:r][a:ra:m] (from Urdu)1391. Hatred [nʌfrt]1392. Hunger [unyá:lo] (~[unyá:no])1393. Hungry [unyá:lo] (~[unyá:no])[unyá:l] `thirsty’1394. Hush (silence) [ʧup] `silent’[ʧúbo] `silence’1395. Idea [guɳyá:l][χʌya:l] (from Urdu)1396. Idle [be:ka:r] (from Urdu)1397. Insult [ʧo:t][ʧo:dyó:no] (=[ʧo:t+dyó:no])[ʧo:de] àbuses’1398. Intellect [dima:k] (from Urdu)1399. Intension [guɳyá:l] (~[guɳiyá:l])1400. Jealousy [dʌʤé:ʃ][dʌʒó:no] `to feel jealous’1401. Labourer (coolie) [króm t h enék][kulli] (from Urdu)1402. Labour (pain) [ʃú:le]1403. Love [muh(ʌ)bt]1404. Memory [yadgá:r]1405. Mercy [ʤuʤu][rʌhm]1406. Merry [ʃuryá:r]1407. Obscure [hí:ʒa ne byó:no]1408. Pain [zurmó]1409. Passion [ʃʌhvát]1410. Pity [nirá:v]1411. Praise [tarí:p]1412. Proud [tʌkʌbú:r][gurú:r]1413. Pride [tʌkʌbúri]

124Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1414. Reason [vʒa] sg. [vʒe] pl.1415. Ridicule [muʐwá:lo]1416. Regard [izzt] (~[iʤʤt])1417. Respect [izzt]1418. Secret [ra:s] (from Urdu [ra:z])1419. Selfishness [χot gʌrʌs] (~[χoð ɣʌrʌs])1420. Shame [lʌʃ] sg. [lʌʒé] pl.1421. Sorrow [hi:ʂ] sg. [hi:ʐe] pl.1422. Suspicion [ʃʌk]1423. Sympathy [k h a:r]1424. Temper [ro:ʂ] sg. [ró:ʐe] pl.1425. Thirst [unyá:l]1426. Timid [biʒá:ʈo]1427. True [dmʌn]1428. Truth [dmʌngi]1429. Wish [ʌʒó:no][gunyó:no]1430. Wonder [ʌʤí:p]9.17. Education:1431. Blotting paper [syaʧú:s] sg. [syaʧú:ze] pl.1432. Chalk [ʧa:k]1433. Criticism [dmʃi][guftʌgo] (Urdu)1434. Dictionary [lo:gt]1435. Education [ta:lí:m][sʌbʌk rʌʤa:k] (Urdu)1436. Envelope [lifá:fa:] (Urdu)1437. Examination [imtɪhá:n] (~[imtɪyá:n]) (Urdu)1438. Examine [imtɪhá:n de:nék]1439. Examiner [imtɪhá:n gíɳenek]1440. Grammar [gremʌr]1441. Ignorant [ʤége ne dʂʈenɛk]1442. Illiterate [ʤége ne raʒák]1443. Ink [mil] sg. [míle] pl.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1251444. Ink pot [dʌvá:t] sg. [dʌvá:te] pl.1445. Letter [ʤu:ʂ] sg. [ʤu:ʐe] pl.1446. Lesson [sʌbk] sg. [sʌbʌkéh] pl.1447. Library [le:brri]1448. Line [kiʂí] sg. [kiʂyé] pl.1449. Literature [kitá:be]1450. Mail [ɖa:k]1451. Map [nʌkʃá:]1452. Notebook [ka:pí:]1453. Novel [na:vl]1454. Nib [nip] sg. [nibé] pl.1455. Page [p:ʈe][muk]1456. Paper [ʤu:s]1457. Pen [kʌlm][pɛn]1458. Pencil [pensíl]1459. Poetry [nzṃ]1460. Postage [ɖa:k]1461. Post card [posʈ ka:ʈ]1462. Post office [ɖak h á:na:]1463. Prose [dʌlí:l]1464. Publisher [kitá:p k h ʌlé:nek]1465. Pupil [sʌbʌk y á:r]1466. Scholarship [vazí:fa:] (Urdu)1467. School [mʌdʌrsá:] (Urdu)1468. Science [sainés]1469. Slap [ɖ w ʌk]1470. State [riya:st] (Urdu)1471. Standard [ʤʌmá:t]1472. Stanza [pó:i]1473. Story [ʃiló:k][kʌhni]1474. Student [sʌbʌk y á:r]1475. Success [ka:mya:bi] (Urdu)[pa:s]

126Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1476. Tablet [ʈíki] sg. [ʈíke] pl.1477. Teacher [ma:stʌr]1478. Telegram [ta:r]1479. Voice [mʌʂó:]1480. Word [mo:ʂ]9.18. Government:1481. Boundary [bʌná] sg. [bʌné] pl.1482. Capital [da:ru k h ʌlá:fa:] (Urdu)1483. City [ʃʌhṛ]1484. Country [ʐuŋ]1485. Crown [ta:ʃ] (~[ta:ʒ])1486. District [zíla] (~[zilá:])1487. Emperor [ba:ʈʂá:] (~[bá:ð(ə)ʃa:]) (Urdu)1488. Empire [sʌtʌnt]1489. Flag [ʤʌɳɖí:]1490. Freedom [a:zá:di]1491. Glory [ʃa:n]1492. Governor [gɔrnʌr]1493. Government [hukúmʌt]1494. Hand cuff [hʌtgʌɽi:]1495. Harem [mulʌló: láit][mulʌló: go:ʂ]1496. Inspector [ʈʂʌké:nek]1497. King [ba:ðʃa:]1498. Kingdom [sʌltʌnt][hukúmʌt]1499. Member [mʌnúʐo]1500. Minister [vʌzí:r] sg. [vʌzí:re] pl.1501. Office [dʌftʌr] sg. [dʌftʌre]~[dʌftʌri] pl.1502. Officer [əfsər] sg. [əfsəre]~ [əfsəri] pl.1503. Palace [ko:ʈ (mʌhḷ)]1504. Peon [ʧʌprasí:]1505. Prime minister [vʌzíre :la]1506. President [preziɖeɳʈ]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1271507. Prince [ba:dʃó: ba:l]1508. Police [puli:s]1509. Police station [ʈ h a:ná:][ʧo:kí:]1510. Province [so:ba:] `division’ (?)1511. Ruler [ba:ðʃa:]1512. Secretary [sekiʈ(ʌ)ri]1513. State [riya:st]1514. Taluk [ta:sí:l]1515. Throne [taχ(ʌ)t]1516. Village [gá:m][mó:za:][kui]9.19. War:1517. Air raid [bʌmbá:ri]1518. Armour [ʤʌrʌ bʌqtr]1519. Army [p h ó:ʤi]1520. Artillery [yazí:]1521. Arrow [ko:ɳ]1522. Attack [hʌmlá:]1523. Battle [ʤʌŋ]1524. Battle axe [ʧ h ʌɽi]1525. Battle ship [ʤŋo ʤʌhá:z]1526. Bayonet [bʌrʧí:]1527. Blow [muʂʈko]1528. Bomb [bʌm]1529. Booty [lu:ʈyó: ma:l]1530. Bow [trʌkúm][trʌŋkúm][ʤu:]1531. Breast plate [p h ʌlí:]1532. Bullet [go:lí:]1533. Cannon [to:p]1534. Cavalry [risá:la:]

128Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary[p h óʤi]1535. Cease fire [ʤʌŋ bʌndí:]1536. Collision [diʒó:no]1537. Chain [ʃŋʌli][ʃʌŋá:li]1538. Chariot [rʌt h ]1539. Club (Gada:) [ɖop h ós]1540. Cudgel [ɖop h ós]1541. Dagger [kʌɽá:r]1542. Defeat [nékkur y o:no]1543. Destroyer [tʌba: t h e:nék]1544. Drum [zen][zem][ɖʌɽʌm]1545. Enemy [duʃmn]1546. Enmity [duʃmʌní:]1547. Fleet [sʌmʌndʌrí: ʤʌháʤ]1548. Fort [kílla]1549. Fortress [kíla] (~[kílla]) sg. [kíle] pl.1550. Friendship [sa:tí:] (~[sá:ti]) sg. [sa:tyé:] pl.1551. General [ʤʌrné:l]1552. Gun [tubk]1553. Gun powder [ʃóra:] (~[ʃorá:h]) sg. [ʃoré:] pl.1554. Helmet [ʤʌŋó: k h ói] `war cap’1555. Imprisonment [kɛ:tt h yó:no] (~[kaitt h yó:no])(note word juncture in tt h )1556. Infantry [yá:zek][p:dʌl phó:ʒ]1557. Lock up [hʌvá:lat] (~[hʌvalá:t])1558. March [yá:to]1559. Navy [sʌmʌndʌrí: p h ó:ʒ]1560. Peace [ʔəmn]1561. Pistol [pistó:l]1562. Plot, conspiracy [bʌɣavt]1563. Prison [ke:tk h a:na:]1564. Prisoner [qɛdí:] sg. [qaidyé:] pl.

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1291565. Quiver [kóɳo t h é:ko]1566. Retreat [pʌʈó:re sʌryó:no]1567. Shield [p h ʌlí:] sg. [p h lie] pl.1568. Siege [hʌmlá:]1569. Soldier [ʤʌvá:n]1570. Spear [nezá:]1571. Sword [khŋʌr]1572. Surrender [né kuryó:no]1573. Trumpet [byú:gul]1574. Victory [kuryó:no][p h ta]1575. War [ʤŋ]1576. Warrior [ʤŋ t h e:nék][miʃé:nek]1577. Weapon [hʌtyá:r]1578. Wrestling [kuʃtí:][sʌlá:m] sg. [sʌlʌméh] pl.1579. Whistle [siʈi bʌʃryó:no] (with whistle)[ʂi:v] (~[ʃi:v]) (human whistle)[ʂo:ki]9.20. Law:1580. Accused [mulzím]1581. Adultery [doká:]1582. Advice [nʌsiyt]1583. Agreement [puryó:no]1584. Allowance [ʤo:k dyó:no][tʌrkí:] `promotion’1585. Appeal [ʌpí:l]1586. Argument [t h á:pʃe]1587. Assembly [əsumbli]1588. Attorney [vʌkí:l]1589. Bail [zʌmant]1590. Bargain [pʌrbó:tye] (~[bʌrbutéh])1591. Case [moqddima:]

130Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1592. Caste [za:t]1593. Charge [yó:no] (?)1594. Civil court [ʌdá:lʌt]1595. Confession [ikrá:r] (~[ekrá:r])[rʌʒau][sa:f]1596. Conflict [miʃó:no][t h á:pʃi]1597. Conscience [sʌmbá:][k h ʌya:l]1598. Contract [ʈ h éka:]1599. Defense [bʌʧʌrí][bʌʧá:v] `protection’1600. Debt [u:ʂ] sg. [u:ʐe] pl.1601. Debtor [uʂyá:r] sg. [uʂya:réh] pl.1602. Divorce [tʌláqna:ma:]1603. Estate [ba:k] (?)1604. Evidence [subú:t]1605. Fee [p h i:s]1606. Fine (penalty) [ʤúrma:na:]1607. Guilty [gunahga:r]1608. Hanging [p h :sí:]1609. Hill people [ʃeyó: ʤʌk]1610. Instalment [kiʃt]1611. Interest [su:t]1612. Innocent [sʈʂo:][ʧúɳo]1613. Judge [ʤʌʤ]1614. Judgment [p h sla:]1615. Language [bá:ʃ] sg. [bá:ʃe] pl.1616. Law [kanú:n]1617, Law suit [ʌrzí:]1618. Lawyer [vʌkí:l]1619. Lie [ʧóɽe] (no pl.)1620. Liar [ʧoɽá:lo] (note personifier suffix)1621. Loss [nuksá:n]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1311622. Message [bo:t] sg. [bó:de] pl.1623. Murder [qʌtḷ]1624. Murderer [mʌnúʂ má:ro] (~[mʌnúʐ má:ro])1625. Oath [kɛsm]1626. People [ʤk]1627. Petition [ʌrzí:]1628. Pick pocket [ʧʌndʌ ʧó:ri t h enék]1629. Profession [ka:r]1630. Procession [ʤulú:z][ʤlsa:]1631. Protest [ʔózur] sg. [ʔózure] pl.1632. Publicity [pʌruʤʌryó:no] `to publicize’1633. Public [ʤʌk]1634. Punctual [pa:bn]1635. Secretary [sekʈrí:]1636. Secure [ra:s] (~[ra:z)[hi:v o:no]1637. Rape [gív uʈʂyó:no][dó:kʃi] `torture’1638. Recommend [suparíʃ]1639. Recover [p h aryó:no]1640. Reduce [km t h yó:no]1641. Reign [hukumt t h ĩ]1642. Reject [ne giɳyó:no][phal t h ]1643. Remedy [ilá:ʧ] (from Urdu)1644. Report [rʌpó:ʈ]1645. Represent [ʌrzí:]1646. Republic [azá:t]1647. Reputation [mʌʃhú:ri]1648. Resign [istifá:]1649. Retire [pensíl][pínʃin]1650. Robber [ɖakú:]1651. Royal [ba:ʧ h ó:] (~[ba:diʃó:])1652. Security [bʌʧʌ ʤiryó:no]

132Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1653. Suicide [k h ut kʌʃí:]1654. Tax [su:t]1655. Theft [ʧorí:]1656. Thief [ʧo:r]1657. Treaty [moháyda]1658. Trial [bʌyá:n]1659. Tribal people [ʃeyó: ʤʌk]1660. Truth [hʌkíkʌt]1661. Vote [vo:ʈ]1662. Witness [gʌvahí][ʃʌhʌbbt][ʃʌhadt]1663. Wrong [ɣʌlt]9.21. Religion:1664. Alter [kurba:n t h é:nek diʃ] sg.[..diʃe] pl.[kurba:nga:]1665. Atheist [kafír][χoðai nuʃek]1666. Bell [gʌɳʈí:] sg. [gʌɳʈyé:] pl.1667. Birthday [ʤá:lok de:s][mu:k de:s] `day of death’1668. Blessing [mubárek]1669. Camphor [muʃki tú:li]1670. Church [giɲʤá:]1671. Clergyman [padrí:]1672. Curse [ʃʌvé][ʧo: dyó:no:]1673. Demon [ʃeitá:n]1674. devil [ʃeitá:n]1675. Fairy [pʌrí:]1676. Fast (go withoutfood) [niryó:no:]1677. Festival [syó: de:s] (~[syódde:s]) (notejuncture)

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1331678. Garland [púʂo ha:r]1679. Ghat (flight of stepsleding to the river) [ga:ʈ]1680. Ghee lamp [ʤú:lyo ʦʌŋú:]1681. Ghost [yʌʂ] sg. [yʌʈʂé:] pl.1682. Giant [yʌʂ] sg. [yʌʈʂé:] pl.1683. God [k h udái] (~[χudái])1684. Heaven [ʤʌnnt]1685. Hell [ʤʌhʌnnm][do:zq]1686. Hermitage [ʧilá:] sg. [ʧilé:] pl.1687. Holy place [si: diʃ]1688. Holy water [zʌmzʌm][taβʌrúk] `something’1689. Hymn [a:yá:] (~[a:yt])1690. Idol [astá:n]1691. Immortality [hʌyá:t]1692. Incense [muʃki tú:li]1693. Magic [ʤadú:]1694. Matted hair [b w :no:][bóile ʤʌkú:]1695. Merit [sʌvá:p]1696. Monk [lamá:]1697. Mosque [mʌʒít]1698. Nun [ʧomó:] sg. [ʧomé:] pl.1699. Offering [k h eirá:t]1700. Omen [ʃʌk]1701. Pilgrim [haʒí] (~[háʒi])1702. Pilgrimage [ʤʌrát][háʒ]1703. Pious [pák][syo:]1704. Purity [d w :no]1705. Prayer [d w ya:r][nimá:s]1706. Preceptor [qazí:]

134Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1707. Priest [mo:lvi][ima:m]1708. Prejudice [diʤó:no]1709. Prophet [pɛɣʌmbr]1710. Religion [mʌzhp]1711. Rosary [tʌzbí:]1712. Satan [ʃeitá:n]1713. Sermon [hʌɖí:s]1714. Sin [guná:h]1715. Spirit [ʤzba:]1716. Superstition [vʌsvʌsá][tʌlatún]1717. Temple [mʌndr]1718. Thirst [momín][gunɛ:nɛk]1719. Worship [gunyó:no][ebaðt]9.22. Games and sports:1720. Acrobatics [sʌrks]1721. Amusement [ʃur][hʌvá:s]1722. Ball [ʈ h óki] sg. [ʈ h óke] pl.1723. Bat [be:ʈ]1724. Chess [ʃʌtrɲʤ]1725. Dice [ʧ h oló:]1726. Doll [ʦuké:] sg. [ʦuké:e] pl.1727. Exercise [vʌrʤís]1728. Gambling [ʤuwá:][ʧ h oló:]1729. Games [ʦuké:]1730. Gymnastics [t h úli bó:no][k h ʌró:no]1731. Hide and seek [liʈi piʈí:]1732. Kabaddi (a sport) [kʌpʌɽí:]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1351733. Skate [sisilí:][ʐiliʒó:no]1734. Medal [tʌgmá:][iná:m]1735. Puzzle [sʌvá:l][ʤá:pe] `taunt’1736. Race [dʌrbk]1737. Rest [hu:ʂ]1738. Wrestling [kuʃtí:][sʌlám][sʌlʌmó dyó:no]9.23. Entertainment, music, dance drama etc.:1739. Act [si:n]1740. Acting [pré:] (~[préh])1741. Actor [pré: t h ének]1742. Actress [pré: t h ének]1743. Ballad(of happiness) [kʌsí:da](of sorrow) [mʌrʦ y á:]1744. Concert [tʌlmó]1745. Drama [ɖra:ma:]1746. Dancer [noʈének] (~[noʈé:nek])1747. Dramatist [ɖra:ma: lik h nɛk]1748. Drama artist [ɖra:ma: t h ének]1749. Drum [dʌrm][ɖol]1750. Drumstick [ɖólo ɖáki][ɖólo dének ɖáki]1751. Flute [tʌruí][bnʦʌri]1752. Green room [ʧʌs t h ének láit]1753. Lullaby [aló:]1754. Music [dáɳi] sg. [dáɳye] pl.1755. Musical tone [gɛ: mʌʂó:] (~[gʌyá: mʌʂó:])

136Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1756. Player [dópa:] sg. [dópe:] pl.1757. Sarangi(a musical instrument) [sʌrʌŋgí]1758. Shahanai(a musical instrument) [sur(u)má:]1759. Scene [si:n]1760. Sight [nʌzára]1761. Singer [g :l]1762. Sitar [sitá:r]1763. Spectator [tʌlmó ʈʂʌkénɛk]1764. Stage [siʈe:]ʤ]1765. Tanpura(a musical instrument) [tʌmbú:ra]1766. Tempo [ʃóŋo] sg. [ʃóŋe] pl.1767. Theatre [ha:l]1768. Tune [ba:ʃ]1769. Veena(a musical instrument) [tʌtʌrúi]1770. Village show [tlmo][na:v]9.24. Metals:1771. Alum [p h ʌʈkr]1772. Aluminum [gilé:t]1773 Ammonium chloride [gɛsá:]1774 Asafoetida [ʌyáv][hiŋ]1775 Bell metal [k h ʌrbá:]1776 Brass [ri:l]1777 Copper [zŋs]1778 Glass [ʃiʃá:]1779 Gold [so:ɳ]1780. Iron [ʧímer]1781. Ivory [hásto don] èlephant’s tooth’1782. Lead [səŋgá:]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1371783. Lime [ʧúna]1784. Magnet [pholá:t][ŋʌr pholá:t]1785. Marble [sŋŋʌ mʌrmr]1786. Metal [dehá:t][ʧʌɣ(ʌ)ríks]1787. Mercury [pʌrá:]1788. Mica [əbrk]1789. Mine [ʌʈʂúr][bo:]1790. Mineral [ka:n]1791. Money [rupi]1792. Paper [ʤu:s]1793. Quartz [ʃó:bʌʈ] `white stone’1794. Silver [ru:p]1795. Steel [p h olá:t]1796. Sulphur [gendk]1797. Tin [ʧʌskr]1798. Tinsel [mozí:]1799. Zinc [səŋgá:]25. Functional words:1800. Across [parí]1801. After [pʌtó:]1802. Against [moká:bila:][k h ʌlá:f]1803. Always [dé:zo][hʌmé:ʃa:]1804. Amidst [mʌʤá:] (~[mʌʒá:])1805. And [ga:][baɽá:]1806. Around [k h ʌrk h ór]1807. At [á:se]1808. Away from [du:r]1809. Because [ké: t h yónto]

138Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1810. Before [mé:ʒe]1811. Behind [pʌtó:]1812. Besides [bʌɽá:][bʌɣair]1813. Between [mʌʤá:] (~[mʌʒá:])1814. By [gi]1815. But [lé:kin]1816. Down [k h ʌri]1817. During [vʌkt] (~[vʌkta])1818. Even [bílito]1819. Even though [bíli tóga] (note juncture tó#ga)1820. Except [bʌɣ:r]1821. For [karyó:][ká:re]1822. From [ɣo]1823. He [ʐo]1824. Here [á:ni] (~[á:nni])1825. How [kʌnáu][kʌnát h e] ìn what way’1826. If [ʌgr]1827. In [ʌʐó:][mʌʒá:] ìn between’1828. Into [ʌʐó:]1829. Like [p h ʌʂ]1830. Meanwhile [sdeɽʌk]1831. Opposite [k h ilá:f]1832. Other [dumó:gi]1833. Otherwise [t:to]1834. Or [ya:]1835. Out of [ʤe][ʤo][dʌró:][tʌfrík] (Urdu)1836. Over [ʌʤá:]1837. Near [ʔéili][nʌlá:]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1391838. Not [nuʃ]1839. So [əná:v][ke: t h yó:nto]1840. Some how [kʌnit h étoga]1841. Some one [ʤe:]1842. Some times [ʤʌbélekek]1843. Still [kótte]1844. Than [á:seʤo]1845. Then [t:to]1846. There [pʌrá:de]1847. Through [mʌʒ(i)nó]1848. Till [ɖʌk][sádeɽʌk]1849. To [re][se] (?)1850. Towards [vári][k h iŋ]1851. Thus [t:to][p h ʌʂ]1852. Under [khri]1853. Until [sádeɽʌk]1854. What [ʤok]1855. When [kʌré:]1856. Where [kóne]1857. Which [kʌnáv][kʌní][ʤok]1858. Who [koi]1859. Why [ke:] (~[ké:h])1860. With [nʌlá:][gi]1861. Without [núʃo][núʃto][négi][négili][bʌɣ:r]

140Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1862. Yet [kóteɽʌk]9.26 Verbs:1863. Abound (germs) [krĩ: pó:no]1864. Abandon [p h at t h yó:no]1865. Able (to be) [bó:no]1866. Accuse [zulúm t h yó:no]móʐ(i) dyó:no]1867. Accompany [sa:t dyó:no][nʌlá: dyó:no]1868. Ache [ʃulyó:no][zʌrmu ó:no]1869. Acquit [p h t bó:no]1870. Act (drama) [pré: t h yó:no]1871. Admit (to school) [aʧ(ʌ)ryó:no](to confess) [mʌnyó:no]1872. Adopt (an idea) [ʌkíno t h yó:no](child) [púʂ t h yó:no]1873. Advise [pʌruʒʌryó:no][nʌsí:yʌt t h yó:no]1874. Agree [mʌnyó:no]1875. Aim (at) [nzʌr giɳyó:no] (~[...ginyó:no])1876. Alight [vʌʒó:no][diʒó:no]1877. Allow (to work) [t h yó:dyó:no] (~[t h ó:ndyó:no])(to come inside) [ó:ndyó:no](to go) [bó:ndyó:no] (~[boʒó:dyó:no])1878. Amuse [ʃurʌryó:no]1879. Annoy [hi:v ʧ h inyó:no] `heart breaking’1880. Answer [moʂ p h ʌryó:no]1881. Appear [pʌʃó:no]1882. Approach [eilyó:no] (~[elyó:no])[elilyó:no]1883. Approve [mʌnyó:no]1884. Arrange [sí:te ʧoryó:no](~ [sí:t h e...])

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1411885. Arrive [p h ó:no]1886. Attack [ʤʌŋ t h yó:no][miʃó:no]1887. Ascend (hill etc) [k h ʌʒó:no]1888. Ask [k h oʒó:no]1889. Avenge [kle p h ʌryó:no][bʌdla: gyó:no]1890. Avoid [huná:re t h yó:no][bʌhna: t h yó:no]1891. Bark [bʌʃó:no]1892. Bathe [nó:ʂ(i) dyó:no]1893. Bear (fruit) [giɳyó:no]1894. Beat (drum) [kuʈyó:no]1895. Beckon [hó: t h yó:no]1896. Become [dulyó:no](make some one) [dulʌryó:no] (note causative suf.)1897. Beg [biʈʂyó:no]1898. Begin [mó: giɳyó:no][ʃuru t h yó:no]1899. Belch [obó:ki t h yó:no] (~[əbó:ki ...])[obó:ki ó:no]1900. Believe [yʌki:n t h yó:no]1901. Bend (passive) [k h iŋíro t h yó:no](active) [k h iŋíro bó:no]1902. Betray [k h arígi dyó:no]1903. Betroth [ʌyó:no]1904. Bewitch [ʃuʐyó:no] (~[ʃuʒyó:no])[suró:mo]1905. Bind [gʌɳyó:no]1906. Bite (with teeth) [ʧ h inyó:no](snake, dog) [rʌʈyó:no][ʐʌɳ t h yó:no]1907. Bleach [ʃyó: t h yó:no]1908. Bleed (nose) [nʌlʌpá vʌʒó:no](general) [le:l k h ʌʒó:no](menses) [he:s vʌʒó:no]

142Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1909. Bless [ʃʌpé dyó:no][ʧa:pé t h yó:no]1910. Blink [ʌʧ h é nilyó:no]1911. Bloom [p h uɳyó:no]1912. Blow (wind) [o:ʃ dyó:no](~[..t h yó:no]~[..ó:no])(breath) [p h u: t h yó:no](flute) [tʌrúi bʌʃó:no](horn) [p h u: t h yó:no] (~[p h u: bʌʃó:no])(nose) [k h uɳó: vʌʒó:no]1913. Praise [tik yó:no]1914. Boil [kairyó:no] (Tr.)[kayó:no] (Intr.)1915. Bore (hole) [aʈʂúr pʌyó:no][aʈʂúr k h ʌlyó:no]1916. Borrow [u:ʂ ʌryó:no]1917. Bounce [prik bó:no]1918. Braid (plait) [bʌyó:no]1919. Bow (salute) [kó:lo bó:no]1920. Break [phoʈyó:no] (Tr.)[phoʈ(i)ʒó:no] (Intr.)1921. Breathe : t h yó:no]1922. Brew (bear) [ʃʌráp pó:no] `drink liquor’1923. Bring [ʌryó:no]1924. Brood [gunyó:no]1925. Bubble [bó:iki ó:no]1926. Build [prʌyó:no]1927. Burn [dʌyó:no] (Tr.)[dʌʒó:no] (Intr.)1928. Bury [k h aʈyó:no]1929. Buy [giɳyó:no]1930. Cackle (cock) [bʌʃó:no](hen) [króki dyó:no]1931. Call [ho: t h yó:no]1932. Carry [giɳyó:no] (~[ginyó:no])1933. Carve [k h oyó:no]1934. Castrate [ʧá t h yó:no]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1431935. Catch (chase) [lomyó:no](for a while) [rʌʈyó:no](an animal) [lomyó:no] (~[rʌʈyó:no])1936. Celebrate [dé:s t h yó:no]1937. Challenge [moqá:bila t h yó:no]1938. Change (alter) [prbutyó:no](money) [prbutyó:no]1939. Chant (mantra etc.) [vá:s t h yó:no][pʌruʒʌryó:no]1940. Chase [ʈis t h yó:no]1941. Chatter [moʐi dyó:no]1942. Cheat [k h rigi ʌ[do:k h a dyó:no]1943. Check [ʈʂʌkyó:no]1944. Chew [ʧʌpyó:no]1945. Chirp (birds) [ʧĩ bʌʃyó:no]1946. Choke [ʃõ: ʂʌʧó:no]1947. Choose [dmʃi t h yó:no]1948. Chop [tʌʧó:no] (~[tʌʈʂyó:no])1949. Circumcise [bá: ʧuryó:no]1950. Clean [sáf t h yó:no]1951. Clear [ʂr t h yó:no][sáf t h yó:no]1952. Climb (tree etc.) [k h aʒó:no][t h úli bó:no](horse etc.) [pʌnyó:no]1953. Cling to [ʂʌʧó:no]1954. Clap [hʌtʌʧá:ʈi dyó:no]1955. Close [ʧʌp t h yó:no]1956. Coagulate [korʌʈyó:no]1957. Collapse (humans) [vzibuʒó:no](non humans) [ɖúp bó:no]1959. Collect [siŋʌlyó:no]1960. Collide [diʒó:no]1961. Comb [ʧʌyó:no]1962. Come [ó:no]

144Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary1963. Command [húkum dyó:no]1964. Commit suicide [kʌʈú boʒó:no] (~[kʈu boʒó:no])[χotkʌʃi t h yó:no]1965. Compare [dú:ri t h yó:no][pʌrúlo t h yó:no]1966. Compel [əkáʃo t h yó:no][mʌʒbúr t h yó:no]1967. Complain [móʐi dyó:no][móʐi vyó:no]1968. Conceive (idea) [gunyó:no](child) [ɖim duguno bó:no]1969. Confirm [mʌnyó:no]1970. Conspire [ú:ʧe vyó:no]1971. Consume [bʌɽyó:no][ʧ h m t h yó:no]1972. Continue [t h y: byó:no]1973. Condemn [p h t t h yó:no]1974. Cook (food) [bi t h yó:no](meat) [mós rʌnyó:no]1975. Cool (food etc.) [ʈʂʌyó:no] (Intr.)[ʈʂiryó:no] (Tr.)1976. Cough [k h u:ʒó:no][k h u:zi ó:no] (note z ; ʒ )1977. Count [kʌlyó:no]1978. Court (woo) [hu: bʌʃó:no][hi:v boʒó:no]1979. Cover [ʈʌkó:r t h yó:no] (~[t h ekó:r t h yó:no]1980. Crawl [tó:pure dyó:no]1981. Cringe (due to cold) [komyó:no] (~[kʌmyó:no])1982. Cross (over) [pa:r t h yó:no](breed)[miʃ(ə)ryó:no][p h ʌkyó:no]1983. Cry (weep) [krí:ve dyó:no][ró:no]1984. Cultivate [kúi vó:no][bá:n t h yó:no]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1451985. Cure [ilá:ʧ t h yó:no][syo: t h yó:no][ʈʂʌkyó:no]1986. Curse [ʃʌvé dyó:no][la:nt vyó:no]1987. Cut [ʧ h inyó:no]1988. Dance [noʈé dyó:no]1989. Dare [hí:v t h yó:no][himmt t h yó:no]1990. Decay (rot) [kriʒó:no]1991. Decide [mó:ʂ ʧinyó:no]1992. Decorate [ʂʌbóko t h yó:no]1993. Decrease [ápe t h yó:no] (Tr.)[ápe bó:no] (Intr.)1994. Defeat [nékurʌryó:no] (Tr.)[nékuryó:no] (Intr.)1995. Defend [ʌkí rʌʧ h ó:no]1996. Defy [néʃuɳyó:no]1997. Demolish (house) [pʌʈ t h yó:no](take away) [zʌl t h yó:no]1998. Deny [ɖá:m t h yó:no][inka:r t h yó:no]1999. Describe [rʌʒó:no]2000. Destroy [vʌlʌvyó:no] (~[vʌlevyó:no])[tʌbá: t h yó:no][n:no] (~[nʌyó:no])2001. Die [miryó:no]2002. Drink [pyó:no]2003. Dig [ok:no] (causative)[okyó:no] (non-causative)2004. Dilute [miʃ(ʌ)ryó:no]2005. Dislike [ʌʧe k h ʌri ne əryó:no](~[..ʧ h ʌri na)2006. Dip (into) [ɖup t h yó:no] (clothes etc.)[ʧʌk t h yó:no] (pen etc.) (~[ʧʌq...])2007. Disappear [nuʃyó:no] (~[noʃyó:no])2008. Disarrange [ʧ h uryó:no]

146Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary[si: t h yó:no][hun t h yó:no]2009. Discuss [t h pʃ(i) t h yó:no]2010. Disagree [ʧo:de dyó:no][be:zt t h yó:no]2011. Despair [hi:v ʧ h inyó:no]2012. Disperse [k h ápo bó:no]2013. Dissolve [bulyó:no] (~[bulyá:no])2014. Divide [bʌɣyó:no] (~[bʌgyó:no])2015. Divorce [p h ʌt t h yó:no]2016. Do [t h yó:no]2017. Doubt [ʃʌk t h yó:no][hi:v ne preiʒó:no2018. drag [ʌlyó:no]2019. Draw (picture) [nʌkʃa: k h ʌlyó:no](water from well) [oi k h ʌlyó:no]2020. Dream [sá:ʈʂo pʌʃó:no]2021. Dress [bunyó:no]2022. Dwell (live in) [bʌyó:no]2023. Drink [pyó:no]2024. Drip [thukó: vʌʒó:no]2025. Drive (motor etc.) [vʌʒró:no](cattle etc.) [bolyó:no] (~[bʌlyó:no])2026. Drop (water) [ʦʌʈ bó:no][t h uko bó:no]2027. Drown [oi ʤagi miryó:no](~[..p h at bó:no]2028. Dry (in sun) [ʃuʃyó:no] (~[ʃuʃryó:no])2029. Dye [roŋyó:no]2030. Earn [krʌmyó:no][kʌmai t h yó:no]2031. Eat [k h ó:no]2032. Echo [koraʧ h n ó:no]2033. Embrace [bó:ʂi dyó:no]2034. Embroider [púʂi ʧ h inyó:no]2035. Empty [gú:ʧo t h yó:no] (~[gú:ʧi t h yó:no])2036. Encourage [hi:v b:ɽo théiryó:no]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1472037. Endure [tiyó:no][bʌrda:ʃ t h yó:no]2038. Enjoy [éiʂ t h yó:no]2039. Enter [əʧó:no]2040. Equal [bó:no dyó:no][pʌrúlo]2041. Erase [nʌyó:no] (Tr.)[ʃikʃi t h yó:no] (Intr.)2042. Escape [uʈʂyó:no]2043. Escort [nʌlá: bó:no][sá:t t h yó:no]2044. Exaggerate [ʧúɳogi bɽo t h yó:no]2045. Examine [ʈʂʌkyó:no]2046. Excel [t h oʃó:no]2047. Expect [gunyó:no][intʌza:r t h yó:no]2048. Explain [rʌʒó:no]2049. Extinguish [niʃ(ʌ)ryó:no][phu:t t h yó:no]2050. Fade [t h a:p(i) t h yó:no]2051. Fail [vzi boʒó:no][p h e:l bó:no]2052. Faint [kʌí nʌyó:no] (~[kʌí n:no])2053. Fall down(inanimate) [ɖil bó:no]((animate) [ɖíri bó:no]2054. Fan [ó:ʃ(i) aryó:no]2055. Fasten [gʌɳyó:no]2056. Fear [biʒó:no]2057. Feed [k h iryó:no]2058. Feel (-ing) (touch) [dʌʂʈyó:no]2059. Ferment [ʧurkyʌryó:no][ʦuká: vyó:no]2060. Fetch (from far) [gi ó:no](from near) [aryó:no]2061. Fight [miʃó:no]

148Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary2062. Fill [puryó:no]2063. Find [leʒó:no][ʈʂʌkyó:no]2064. Finish [bʌɽyó:no] (Tr.)[bʌɽiʒó:no] (Intr.)2064. Finish [bʌɽyó:no] (Tr.)[bʌɽiʒó:no] (Intr.)2065. Fish [ʧíme lomyó:no][ʧíme k h ʌlyó:no]2066. Flash [biʧúʂ dyó:no]2067. Flatten [sʌmʌlúo t h yó:no]2068. Flatter (self) [ŋá:r t h yó:no](other) [ʈikyó:no]2069. Flicker [niʃó:no][ʂʌʧó:no]2070. Float [ói áʤe ʂʌʧó:no][uʈʂyó:no]2071. Flow [yʌʒó:no]2072. Fly [tʌluí dyó:no][uta:l dyó:no]2073. Fold [tʌp t h yó:no]2074. Follow [ʈis t h yó:no]2075. Forbid [mna: t h yó:no]2076. Forget [ʌmʃó:no] (~[ʌmuʃó:no])2077. Forgive [p h at t h yó:no]2078. Freeze [só:r bó:no]2079. Frighten [biʒryó:no]2080. Gamble [ʧ h oló: vyó:no]2081. Gather [siŋʌlyó:no] (~[sʌŋʌlyó:no])2082. Gargle [kroʃí: t h yó:no][gʌrgʌrá: t h yó:no]2083. Germinate [p h áli k h ʌʒó:no]2084. Gesture [pʌʃryó:no][iʃá:ra dyó:no]2085. Get [ʌryó:no][giɳyó:no]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1492086. Get angry [ro:ʂ ó:no][ro:ʂ ʌryó:no]2087. Get up [hut h yó:no]2088. Get well (fromillness) [bʌyó:no]2089. Give [dyó:no]2090. Go [boʒó:no]2091. Go away [duráre boʒó:no]2092. Go out [daró: boʒó:no]2093. Go through [ʂʌr boʒó:no]2094. Gossip [ʧorevé dyó:no][ʧ h otʌryó:no][moʐ(i) dyó:no]2095. Grab [muʂʈi t h yó:no]2096. Grasp [hí:ʒe vʌʒó:no]2097. Grate (rub on) [k h aʂ t h yó:no]2098. Graze [ʧʌryó:no]2099. Greet [sʌlá:m t h yó:no]2100. Grind [piʐó:no] (~[peʒó:no])2101. Grip [lomyó:no]2102. Grit (teeth) [do:ni ʧʌpyó:no]2103. Groan [ʤuɣryó:no][ʤuriŋyó:no]2104. Grow [bɽo bó:no][bɽo ʤó:no]2105. Growl [ró:no]2106. Grunt [hʌsto bʌʃó:no]2107. Guard [rʌʧ h ó:no]hɛfázʌt t h yó:no]2108. Guide [pʌʃno] (Intr.)[pʌʃiryó:no] (Tr.)2109. Hammer [ʧukuʈyó:no][kuʈyó:no]2110. Hang up [p h íl(i)t h yó:no]2111. Happen [bó:no]2112. Harrow [dálo dyó:no]

150Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary2113. Harvest [lé:ʈʂ(i) t h yó:no](~[lé:ʧ(i) t h yó:no])2114. Hatch [ʧĩ k h alyó:no][ʈ h ule vyó:no]2115. Hate [ʦʌk(o) t h yó:no][dʂʈyó:no]2116. Heal [bʌyó:no] (~[bʌyá:no])2117. Hear [pʌruʒó:no]2118. Heat [tʌpyó:no] (~[ʦ h ʌt dyó:no])2119. Help [hʌt dyó:no][hʌt gyó:no]2120. Herd [kíli t h yó:no]2121. Hiccup [hukʌʦyó:no]2122. Hide [liʃyó:no] (Intr.)[liʃ(i)ryó:no] (Tr.)2123. Hinder [rʌʈyó:no]2124. Hire (to give) [mʌzuri dyó:no](to take) [mʌzuri gyó:no]2125. Hiss : t h yó:no]2126. Hitch (hiccup) [huʦiki ó:no]2127. Hold [rʌʈyó:no][lomyó:no]]2128. Hope [ume t h yó:no][tʌma: t h yó:no] `desire’[gunyó:no]2129. Howl [ho: t h yó:no]2130. Hum [bʌʃó:no]2131. hunt [hiŋs t h yó:no][dʌrú: t h yó:no][duré: t h yó:no]2132. Hurry [lóko t h yó:no]2133. Ignore (no attention) [ne pʌʃá:v lʌgiʒó:no]2134. Imagine [sʌba: t h yó:no][gunyó:no]2135. Incite [króm ginyó:no][siʧ:no]2136. Increase [bʌɽo bó:no] (Intr.)

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 151[bʌɽo t h yó:no] (tr.)2137. Inflate [ʧ h inyó:no]2138. Initiate [gɨɳyó:no][ʃuru t h yó:no]2139. Injure [diʒó:no] (one self. Intr.)[diʒ(ə)ryó:no] (others. Tr.)2140. Insist [goʈ h k t h yó:no][zit t h yó:no]2141. Insult [ʧo:ʈ dyó:no]2142. Invite [gé:lire ho: t h yó:no][ho: t h yó:no]2143. Iron (press) [istri: t h yó:no]2144. Irrigate [oi dyó:no]2145. Itch [k h á:ji ó:no]2146. Jerk [biʈ h yó:no][t h a:ŋ bó:no]2147. Joke [hʌʒryó:no][ha:ʒ t h yó:no][jʌrgt t h yó:no]2148. Jolt (jar etc.) [t h a:ŋ t h yó:no]2149. Jump [hirge dyó:no]2150. Keep [ʧ h ryó:no]2151. Kick [piʂʌʈó: dyó:no]2152. Kill [mʌryó:no][kuʈyó:no]2153. Kindle [ʂy:no]2154. Kiss [ma: t h yó:no]2155. Knead [ʌmryó:no]2156. Kneel [kuʈiʤa: bó:no]2157. Knit [b:no] (~[bʌyó:no])2158. Knock [[kuʈyó:no][ɖil t h yó:no]2159. Know [dʌʂʈyó:no][gunyó:no]2160. Lack [pʌtó ʂʌʧó:no] `lag behind’2161. Last [dé:zla:v byó:no]

152Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary[próni k h aʒó:no] `climb down’2162. Laugh [hʌʒó:no]2163. Lay [dyó:no]2164. Lead [muʧ h ó:no][méʒe boʒó:no]2165. Leak [boʒó:no]2166. Lean [téni bó:no][tinyó:no]2167. Learn [siʧó:no] (~[suʧó:no])2168. Leave [p h t t h yó:no]2169. Lend [u:ʂ dyó:no][p h rɛ dyó:no]2170. Let go [boʒó:n dyó:no] (~[buʒó:n ...])2171. Lick [piʧəlyó:no][lik t h yó:no]2172. Lie [ʧoɽé dyó:no]2173. Lie down [tʌɳiʒó:no]2174. Lift [ginyó:no]2175. Like [ʌʤó:no] (~[aʤó:no])2176. Link [thut dyó:no] (~[thut t h yó:no])2177. Limp [ʂʌk t h yó:no]2178. Listen [koɳ dyó:no] `give ear’2179. Load [geyó:no][puryó:no]2180. Long for [gunyó:no]2181. Look at [ʈʂʌkyó:no]2182. Look back [pʌtó ʈʂʌkyó:no]2183. Lose [noʃyó:no]2184. Love [hi:v dyó:no](~ [hi:v vyó:no])[muhbbat t h yó:no]2185. Make [prʌyó:no] (~[pr:no])2186. Massage [ma:liʃ t h yó:no]2187. Measure [tolyó:no]2188. Meet [ɖukyó:no]2189. Melt [bulyó:no] (~[buly:no])2190. Mend [prʌyó:no] (~[pr:no])

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1532191. Milk [ʈʂ h au t h yó:no] (~[ʌɳũ t h yó:no])2192. Mimic [pre: t h yó:no] (~[prei t h yó:no])2193. Miss [nʌyó:no][p h ʌt bó:no]2194. Mix [miʃ(i)ryó:no]2195. Mould [pʌr k h ʌlyó:no]2196. Mourn [ro:no][duk t h yó:no]2197. Move [sʌró:no] (Intr.)[sʌrʌry:no] (Tr.)2198. Mutter [rĩsu moʐi dyó:no][ʌkíyakóʤa moʐi dyó:no]2199. Name [no:m ʧ h uryó:no]2200. Need [ʌʒó:no] (~[aʒó:no])2201. Neglect [ne gunyó:no][na: muʃó:no]2202. Net [rʌʈyó:no]2203. Nod (yes) [mʌnyó:no](no) [ne mʌnyó:no]2204. Notice [hí:ʒe ginyó:no]2205. Nurse [ʈʂʌkyó:no]2206. Obey [mʌnyó:no]2207. Offend [bʌkiʒó:no]2208. Offer [(χaira:t) dyó:no]2209. Open [bʌs bó:no] (Intr)[bʌs t h yó:no] (Tr.)2210. Ought, should ]2211. Overflow [ʧ h ol bó:no]2212. Overtake [muʧ h ó:no]2213. Own [ʌkíno] (adj. no verb)2214. Pack [puryó:no][bʌn t h yó:no]2215. Paddle [yʌʒ(ʌ)ryó:no]2216. Paint [roŋ k h aʂ t h yó:no]: dyó:no]2217. Pant : ó:no]

154Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary2218. Pass by [nʌlá: buʒó:no]2219. Patch [aŋei vyó:no] (~[aŋŋei vyó:no])2220. Pay [dyó:no]2221. Pack [uʧó:no] (~[uʈʂyó:no])2222. Peddle [yʤiryó:no]2223. Peel [dilyó:no]2224. Persist [guʈ h k t h yó:no] (~[goʈ h k...])2225. Persuade [t h eiryó:no]2226. Pick [uʧó:no]2227. Pierce [ʈʂuk t h yó:no]2228. Pile up [a:ʒék vyó:no][kuʈ dyó:no]2229. Pinch [ʧurúʈ t h yó:no]2230. Pity [hi:v dʌʒó:no]2231. Plan [grʌps t h yó:no]2232. Plant [ʈʂuk dyó:no][bĩ ʈʂuk dyó:no]2233. Plaster [ʤʌlá: t h yó:no]2234. Play [ʦuké t h yó:no][nʌʈyó:no]2235. Plough [ban t h yó:no]2236. Plug [t h ut t h yó:no]2237. Plunder [lu:ʈ t h yó:no]2238. Point [pʌʃ:no] (~[pʌʃó:no]) (Intr.)[pʌʃryó:no]) (Tr.)2239. Point out [rʌʈyó:no]2240. Poison [zʌhṛ dyó:no]2241. Polish [pa:lis t h yó:no]2242. Pound [ʦukuʈyó:no][kuʈyó:no]2243. Pour [p h ʌryó:no]2244. Praise [nigʌʈyó:no][ta:rip t h yó:no]2245. Pray [d w á: t h yó:no][nimá:s t h yó:no]2246. Predict [dʌʂʈyó:no]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1552247. Prefer [dʌmʃí t h yó:no][pʌsʌn t h yó:no]2248. Prepare [tʌyár t h yó:no]2249. Press [nʌyó:no] (~[nyá:no])2250. Pretend [né dʌʂʈé:k kʌliʒó:no]2251. Prick [ʈʂuk bó:no] (Intr.)[ʈʂuk t h yó:no] (Tr.)2252. Promise [va:da: t h yó:no]2253. Protect [rʌʈʂyó:no]2254. Pull [ʌlyó:no]2255. Punish [sʌza: dyó:no]2256. Push [ʈ h a:ŋ t h yó:no]2257. Put [ʧ h uryó:no] (~[ʧ h oryó:no])2258. Put on [bunyó:no]2259. Put out [sairyó:no][p h u: t h yó:no]2260. Put up [ʧ h uryó:no][nʌlas byó:no]2261. Quarrel [miʃyó:no]2262. Race [dʌrbʌk t h yó:no]2263. Raid [ʤʌŋ t h yó:no]2264. Rain [mei vʌʒó:no]2265. Raise [k h ʌlyó:no][ginyó:no]2266. Rape [gi:v uʈʂyó:no][p h ʌkyó:no]2267. Rattle [bʌʃó:no]2268. Reach [p h ó:no]2269. Read [rʌʒó:no]2270. Reap [lyó:no][dilyó:no]2271. Rebel [bʌgá:vʌt t h yó:no][uʈʂó:no]2272. Recite [rʌʒó:no]2273. Recover (illness) [ʈ h ik bóno](money) [niʃʌryóno]

156Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary2274. Refresh [huʂ k h ʌʒó:no]2275. Refuse [ne mʌnyóno][inka:r t h yó:no]2276. Regret [gyotpá bó:no][ʌfsú:s t h yó:no]2277. Rejoice [ʃuryó:no] (Intr.)[ʃur:no] (Tr.) (~[ʃurʌryó:no])2278. Release [k h ʌlyó:no][p h ʌt t h yó:no]2279. Remember [hi:ʒe t h yó:no][ya:t t h yó:no]2280. Remove [k h ʌlyó:no]2281. Repair [pr:no] (~[prʌyó:no])2282. Repay [p h ʌryó:no]2283. Repeat [p h ʌrɛ rʌʒó:no] (~[p h ɛre rʌʒó:no])2284. Rescue [p h ʌt t h yó:no]2285. Resemble [ekbó:no]2286. Resent (regret) [ʌfsó:s bó:no]2287. Respect [iʣʣʌt t h yó:no]2288. Rest [huʂ t h yó:no]2289. Return [p h ʌré dyó:no]2290. Ride [pʌɳyó:no]2291. Redicule [hʌʒó:no]2292. Rinse [bilyó:no][ziri t h yó:no]2293. Ripen [pʌʧó:no]2294. Rise (sun) [k h ʌʒó:no](man) [hutyó:no]2295. Roar [gér ʌryó:no] (~[ɣr t h yó:no])2296. Roast [ʤʌʒʒó:no] (~[dʌʒó:no])2297. Rob [pʌluʒó:no] (~[pʌliʒó:no])2298. Roll (fall) [ɖiribó:no]2299. Rub [k h ʌʂ t h yó:no]2300. Rule [hukúmʌt t h yó:no]2301. Run [dʌrbʌk t h yó:no] (Intr.)[bolyó:no] (Tr.)

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1572302. Sacrifice (give) [kurba:ni dyó:no](oneself) [kurba:ni bó:no]2303. Satisfy [híʒe vʌʒó:no] (Intr.)[híʒe vʌʒiryó:no] (Tr.)[tʌslí: bó:no] (Intr.)[tʌslí: t h yó:no] (Tr.)2304. Save [ʧ h uryó:no][rʌʧ h ó:no][ʂʌʧó:no]2305. Saw [ʌrʌ kʌʃiʃ t h yó:no]2306. Say [rʌʒó:no]2307. Scatter [p h ʌt t h yó:no]2308. Scratch (itch) [kʌɳyó:no]2309. Scrape [giɳyó:no]2310. Scream [t h ar bó:no][krí:ve dyó:no]2311. Season [áʐot h e ʃuʐó:no] (~[...ʃuʒó:no])2312. Search for [ʈʂʌkyó:no]2313. Seduce [m:kʌre t h yó:no]2314. See [ʈʂʌkyó:no][pʌʃyó:no]2315. Seem [pʌʃyó:no]2316. Sell [krinyó:no]2317. Send [ʈʂinyó:no]2318. Separate [di: t h yó:no] (Tr.)(oneself) [di: bó:no] (Intr.)[huru bó:no] (Intr.)2319. Serve (food) [ʌryó:no][bai dyó:no](someone) [ʈʂʌkyó:no] `to see, to look after’2320. Set (trap etc.) [tʌɳyó:no](on edge) [sʌrʌmyó:no](~[surʌmyó:no])(up right) [ʧo:ko dyó:no]2321. Settle [puryó:no] (Intr.)[purʌryó:no] (Tr.)2322. Sew [syó:no]

158Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary2323. Shake (head etc.) [biʈ h aryó:no]2324. Share [bʌɣyó:no]2325. Sharpen [tiɳʌryó:no][tiɳʌʐyó:no]2326. Shatter [t h re: bó:no](into pieces) [ʧ h inyó:no]2327. Shave [ʤʌku t h yó:no][dai t h yó:no]2328. Shed [ʌʈʂ(e) vyó:no]2329. Shine [ʈʂa: dyó:no]2330. Shiver [ʃʌlé aryó:no]2331. Shoot [tubʌkó dyó:no]2332. Shout [krív(e) dyó:no]2333. Show [pʌʃno] (Intr.)[pʌʃiryó:no] (Tr.)2334. Shrink [k h umʃó:no][k h uʈi(o) bó:no]2335. Shut (door etc.) [bʌn t h yó:no](mouth, eyes) [nilyó:no]2336. Sift (change) [dʌlí:ʈʂo: dyó:no][pʌrb(u) t h yó:no]2337. Sigh [hi:ʂ t h yó:no]2338. Signal [iʃa:ra dyó:no][iʃa:ra t h yó:no]2339. Silent (to be) [ʧuβo t h yó:no]2340. Sin (to commit) [guná: t h yó:no]To do bad work [ʌʦ h ʌko krom t h yó:no]2341. Sing [gi dyó:no]2342. Sink [ɖub bó:no][ɖup t h yó:no]2343. Sit [byó:no]2344. Skim [ʃʌml ginyó:no]2345. Skin [ʧom k h ʌlyó:no][p h ʌt t h eiryó:no]2346. Skip [p h ʌt t h y: rʌʒó:no]2347. Slide [hiná:l vʌʒó:no]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 159[ʐili dyó:no]2348. Slip [ʐʌr bó:no][tiʂ bó:no]2349. Sleep [só:no]2350. Smear [k h ʌʂ t h yó:no]2351. Smell [gon ʈʂʌkyó:no]2352. Smile [mikbó:no](~[migbó:no]~[mukbó:no])2353. Smoke [tʌáku pyó:no]2354. Snap [gunyó:no]2355. Sneeze [ʧ h : vʌʒó:no]2356. Sniff [ʂur t h yó:no]2357. Snore [χor t h yó:no]2358. Soak [ɖup t h yó:no]2359. Sort [dʌmʃi t h yó:no][hu:re t h yó:no][bʌɣyó:no]2360. Sow (seed) [ba:n t h yó:no]2361. Speak [rʌʒó:no]2362. Spear (to pierce) [ʈʂuk t h yó:no][vyó:no]2363. Spill [p h a:v t h yó:no]2364. Spin (top) [p h ʌryó:no](thread)[kʌʈyó:no][k h ʌʒó:no]2365. Spit [t h ú t h yó:no]2366. Splash (make lines) [kriʂí: k h ʌʒó:no]2367. Split [p h oʈyó:no] (~[p h uyó:no])2368. Spoil [ʃikʃi bó:no] (Intr.)[ʃikʃi t h yó:no] (Tr.)2369. Spread [tʌɳiʒó:no] (Intr.)[tʌɳyó:no] (Tr.)2370. Sprinkle [ʦ h ʌr t h yó:no]2371. Sprout [put k h ʌʒó:no]2372. Squeak [bʌʃó:no]2373. Squeeze [zíri t h yó:no]

160Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary[bi:ʒ dyó:no]2374. Squint [p h i:ʈ t h yó:no][hiʈ t h yó:no]2375. Stab [kʌɽre dyó:no][kʌɽá:r vyó:no]2376. Stagger (sound) [bʌʃiryó:no]2377. Stalk (hunting) [dʌr ú t h yó:no]2378. Stamp [móhṛ dyó:no] (~[múhṛ dyó:no])2379. Stand up [hutyó:no](erect)[hutiryó:no][ʧó:ko t h yó:no]2380. Stay [byó:no][ʂʌʧó:no]2381. Steal [ʧorí t h yó:no]2382. Step on [pa: ʧ h uryó:no]2383. Step over [ʌʒít h e boʒó:no]2384. Stick to [ʂʌʧí: byó:no]2385. Sting [dón dyó:no][aʧó:no]2386. Stink [gón ó:no]2387. Stir [gʌr gʌr t h yó:no]2388. Stoop (bend) [kó:lo bó:no]2389. Stop [rʌʈyó:no] (Tr.)[rʌʈʌʒó:no] (Intr.)2390. Strain (exert) [ʧiʒó:no]2391. Strangle [pʌyó:no][ʂoʈo p:no] (~[ʂoʈo pʌyá:no])2392. Stray [ekbu ʂoʧó:no]2393. Stretch [ʌlyó:no]2394. Strike (with hand) [kuʈyó:no](with weapon) [gʌʒó:no]2395. String (beads) [minyó:no] (~[iminyó:no])2396. Strip off (bark etc.) [dilyó:no](dress) [k h ʌlyó:no]2397. Study [ʧó:ko bó:no][tʌya:r bó:no]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1612398. Stumble [vʌzí: buʒó:no]2399. Stutter [ʧʌʈyó:no]2400. Succeed [k h ʌʒó:no](in exam) [paz bó:no]2401. Suck [ʌlyó:no] (same as stretch)2402. Surrender [p h ʌt t h e ó:no]2403. Surround [ge:ra: vó:no][mʌʒá: dyó:no]2404. Suspect [ʃʌk t h yó:no]2405. Swallow [gurúʈ t h yó:no]2406. Sway (take away) [hʌryó:no]2407. Swear [kʌsm k h ó:no]2408. Sweep [ʂʌr t h yó:no]2409. Swell [ʃuʒó:no]2410. Swim [no:ʂ vyó:no]2411. Swing [p h ili bó:no]2412. Take care of [ʈʂʌkyó:no]2413. Take down [lik h yó:no]2414. Take off [tʌlui dyó:no][p h uri bó:no]2415. Talk, converse [moʐi dyó:no]2416. Tan (leather) [roŋyó:no]2417. Tangle (with rope) [gon dyó:no]2418. Tap (door etc) [bʌʃryó:no]2419. Taste [ʈʂʌkyó:no]2420. Teach [siʧ:no][rʌʒryó:no]2421. Tear [ʧ h inyó:no]2422. Tease [dokʃi t h yó:no]2423. Tell [rʌʒó:no]2424. Tempt [tʌma: ó:no][la:liʧi bó:no] (Intr.)[la:liʧi t h yó:no] (Tr.)2425. Tender [rʌʧ h ó:no][ʧ h uryó:no]2426. Thank [otʒú: t h yó:no]

162Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary2427. Thicken [tʌlunyó:no][ʈʂimeryó:no]2428. Think [gunyó:no][s:ʃ t h yó:no]2429. Thread (needle) [(i)minyó:no]2430. Threaten [biʒiryó:no][dʌmʃí t h yó:no]2431. Thrash [kuʈyó:no][vyó:no]2432. Throw [p h ʌl t h yó:no]2433. Tie [gʌɳyó:no]2434. Tighten [bʌn t h yó:no][gon dyó:no]2435. Tire [ʧ h iʒó:no][ʂomyó:no]2436. Torture [hi:v k h ó:no] `lose heart’2437. Touch [ɖukyó:no] (Intr.)[ɖukiryó:no] (Tr.)2438. Track [pon ʧ h inyó:no][alyó:no]2439. Trade [tiʒárʌt t h yó:no][ʧ h oŋ t h yó:no]2440. Translate [p h ʌryó:no][tʌrʒumá: t h yó:no]2441. Transplant [poʂ(i) t h yó:no]2442. Trap [rʌʈyó:no]2443. Travel [yʌʒó:no][sʌfʌr t h yó:no]2444. Treat (medically) [rʌbá:ʈi dyó:no][ila:ʃ t h yó:no]2445. Trim [prʌyó:no](hair-cut) [krʌp t h yó:no]2446. Trip (make fall) [kʌŋk h ʌʈó dyó:no] (~[kʌŋk h ʌʈé ...)2447. Try [ko:ʃiʃ t h yó:no]2448. Turn (around) [p h iryó:no](aside) [p h ʌryó:no]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 163(over) [p h ʌryó:no]2449. Twist [kikíri p h iryó:no]2450. Uncover [k h ʌlyó:no]2451. Understand [pʌruʒó:no]2452. Unravel [k h ʌlyó:no][oɽuryó:no]2453. Unroll [tʌɳyó:no]2454. Untie [vʌʂyó:no]2455. Urge [t h eiryó:no]2456. Urinate [myó:no]2457. Use [istimá:l t h yó:no]2458. Visit [ʈʂʌkyó:no] `to see’2459. Vomit [ʧ h ʌʈyó:no][uɭʈa: t h yó:no]2460. Wade [k h ʌlyó:no][pon dyó:no] `give way’2461. Wait for [intʌʒá:r t h yó:no]2462. Wake up [hutyó:no] (Intr.)[hutiryó:no] (Tr.)2463. Walk [yaʒó:no] (Intr.)(make walk) [yaʒʌryó:no] (Tr.)2464.Wallow (roll in mud) [miʃryó:no]2465. Wander [p h iryó:no]2466. Want [gunyó:no][aʒó:no]2467. Warm [tʌpyó:no][tto dyó:no]2468. Warn [vá:rnŋ dyó:no]2469. Wash (clothes [doyó:no] (~[d w :no])(hands) [hʌt d w :no](utensils) [d w :no]2470. Waste [zá:ya: t h yó:no]2471. Watch [ʈʂʌkyó:no] `to see’2472. Wave [bit h ryó:no]2473. Wean (change) : dyó:no][hʌryó:no]

164Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary2474. Wear (clothing) [bunyó:no](shawl etc.) [ʒʌl t h yó:no](wear out) [pronyó:no]2475. Weave (cloth) [eryó:no](basket) [bʌyó:no] (~[b w :no])2476. Wed [kʌʃ t h yó:no]2477. Weed [k h ʌlyó:no]2478. Weigh [tolyó:no]2479. Welcome [ʃurɛ t h yó:no]2480. Wet [bilyó:no][áʐo bó:no]2481. Whip [ʈʂ h ũ dyó:no]2482. Whisper [ʃuprʌʃuprʌ t h yó:no](~[ʃupreʃupre..])2483. Whistle (men) [ʃiv t h yó:no](police) [siʈi: bʌʃryó:no]2484. Win [kuryó:no]2485. Wind (clock) [p h ʌryó:no][ʧa:βi dyó:no]2486. Wink (eyes) [ʌʧ h e hiʈ t h yó:no][milyó:no]2487. Winnow [ʤl t h yó:no]2488. Wipe off (sweep) [ʂr t h yó:no]2489. Wish for [gunyó:no][ʌʒó:no]2490. Wither (fade) [ʃuʃó:no] (Intr.)[ʃuʃró:no] (Tr.)2491. Work [krom t h yó:no]2492. Worry [hi:ʂ bó:no][hi:ʂ t h yó:no]2493. Work [krom t h yó:no]2494. Worship [nimá:s t h yó:no][pú:ʒa: t h yó:no]2495. Wound (cause it) [diʒ(ʌ)ryó:no][kuʈyó:no]2496. Wrap up [ʈópul t h yó:no]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 1652497. Wrestle [sʌlʌméh lomyó:no][sʌl(ʌ)mó dyó:no]2498. Wring (Squeeze) [ziri t h yó:no]2499. Write [lik h yó:no]2500. Yawn [ha: t h yó:no][ro:ʂ ó:no]9.27. Miscellaneous vocabulary, specific to the area:Grains:2501. Barley [yo:]2502. Wheat [gum]2503. Millet (Dhal) [mozúr] (`masu:r daal’ of Hindi.)2504. Mutter [k h úkun]2505. Trumba (Hindi) bʌrá:v]Trees:2506. Apple tree [pʌlo bĩ]2507. Grapes [dʌʃo: bĩ]2508. White trunk tree [p h :s]2509. Mountain tree [brok ʧʌŋ]2510. Tall tree [yulá:t]2511. Mountain tree (2nd) [mʌl ʧʌŋ]2512. Red fruit tree [ʤúʒo bĩ] `khubani’ in Hindi.Birds:2513. Sparrow [vyo ʧĩ]2514. Night bird [rʌtʌ ʧĩ]2515. Mountain bird [ʃe:v ʧĩ]2516. Black & white bird [ʃiɳʈiki ʧĩ]2517. Water bird [ve:v ʧĩ]2518. Small black bird [ddi ʧĩ]Wild animals:2519. Wolf [urúk]2520. Fox [loi]2521. Snake [ʤon]2522. Tiger [serípa bʌbr]2523. Wild cat [dĩ:]

166Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary2524. A wild animal [mʌyʌró]2525. Deer [kili]2526. Another animal [ko:rʈ]2527. Wild cat animal [ʃɲʧi]Tamed animals:2528. Horse [ʃup]2529. Cow [gá:wo]2530. Animal like cow [zúmo]2531. Buffalo [mais]2532. Ox :ʈiHouse-hold things:2533. Vessel [za:ŋs]2534. Big cup sans hands [kore] `pya:la’ in Hindi.2535. Spoon [ʧmʧa:]2536. Vessel (bigger) [dakʧa:]2537. Kettle [kitli:]2538. Tea-strainer [o:ʦáks]2539. Meat cooking vessel [bʌló:s]2240. cup (`lo:ʈa:’ type) [muɣúr]Agricultural equipments:2541. Plough [hʌl]2542. Plough’s long shaft [hʌlyé:ʃ]2543. Iron peg of plough [p h a:l]2544. Yoke [na:l]

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 167Bibliography of the studies of Shina language:(Collected from various sources)Ali, Usman. 1991. Shinalogi. Gilgit: Usmani KitabkhanaAnsari, A.S. Bazmee. 1961. “Dardistan.” The Encyclopediaof Islam. New Edition. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Vol. 2, Fasc.25:140Bailey, T. Grahame. 1924. Grammar of the Shina London:The Royal Asiatic Society (Royal Asiatic SocietyPrize Publication Fund, Vol. 8)Bailey, Thomas Drahame. 1924. “Notes on Dilgit Phoneticsby Col. Lorimer.” London. Journal of the RoyalAsiatic Society. 435-9Bailey, Thomas Drahame. 1922. “Are the Four Series (Frontt, d, r, n; Back t, d, r, b; Aspirates and Non-Aspirates)Found in Shina?”. London. Journal of the Royal AsiaticSociety. 87-93Bailey, Thomas Drahame. 1922. “Dentals and Cerebrals inShina.” London. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.497-8Bailey, Thomas Drahame. 1922. “The Sounds of Shina.”London. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies.3:799-802Bailey, Thomas Drahame. 1927. “West Himalayan ‘bohri’and Shina ‘bodu’.” London. Journal of the RoyalAsiatic Society. 316-18Bailey, Thomas Grahame. 1938. Studies in North IndianLanguages. London: Lund HumphriesBashir, Elena. 2003. “Dardic.” Deorge Cardona & DhaneshJain (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages. London /New York: Routledge (Routledge Language FamilySeries). 818-94Berger, Hermann. 1924. “Eine eigentümlicheAnalogiebildung im Verbum des Shina.” München.Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, 5:84-90

168Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularyBerger, Hermann. 1961. “Die mit -ar- erweiterten Verbendes Shina. Shina Verbs augemted by -ar-.” Wien.Wiener, Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd- und Ostasiens,5:53-67Berger, Hermann. 1966. “Remarks on Shina Loans inBurushaski.”Anwar S. Dil (ed.). ShahidullahPresentation Volume. Lahore: Linguistics ResearchGroup of Pakistan (Pakistani Linguistics Series, 7). 79-88Biddulph, John. 1552. “Dialects of Tribes of the Hindu Kush.Shina, Language of Gilgit. Khowar, Language ofChitral.” London. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society,17:89-144Buddruss, Deorg. 1957. “Zur ältesten Sammlung vonSprichwörtern und Rätseln in der Shina-Sprache.”Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik, Vol. 13/14:39-57Buddruss, Deorg. 1993. “Das Dedicht von Muhammad AminZia ‘An meine Lebensgefährtin’. Übersetzung aus derShina-Sprache und Kommentar.” D.D. Sontheimer(ed.). Südasien-Anthologie: 44 Übersetzungen aussüdasiatischen Literaturen. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. 1-4Buddruss, Deorg. 1996. “Shina-Rätsel.” D.B. Kapp (ed.).Nanvidhaikata. Festschrift für Hermann Berger.Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 29-54Carree, A. 1989. Phonologie du dialecte Shina de Dah-Hanu.Master’s Thesis. Rohan, France, Collège PublicDrierson, Deorge A. 1924. “On Shina Cerebrals.” London.Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 656-63Drierson, Deorge A. 1922. “Once again on Shina Cerebrals.”London. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 304-14Hook, Peter. 1990. “A Note on Expressions of InvoluntaryExperience in the Shina of Skardu.” London. Bulletin ofthe School of Oriental and African Studies 53:77-82Hook, Peter. 1996. “Kesar of Layul: A Central Asian Epic in

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 169the Shina of Dultari.” William Hanaway and WilmaHeston, eds. Studies in the Popular Cultures of Pakistan.Lahore: Sang-e-Meel. 121-83Hook, Peter. 1997. “Relative Clauses in Eastern Shina.”Peter Michalove, Iren Hegedus & Alexis Manaster-Ramer, eds. Festschrift for Vitaly Shevoroshkin. Journalof Indo-European Studies Monograph Series.Washington: Institute for the Study of Man. 140-54Kohistani, Razwal & Ruth Laila Schmidt. 1999. ShinaProverbs. Rawalpindi: Shina Research ForumKarakorumKohistani, Razwal & Ruth Laila Schmidt. 2006. “Shina incontemporary Pakistan.” Anju Saxen & Lars Borin(eds.), Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia. Statusand Policies, Case Studies and Applications ofInformation Technology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.137-160.Koul, Omkar N. & Ruth Laila Schmidt. 1954. “DardistanRevisited. An Examination of the Relationship betweenKashmiri and Shina.” Omkar Koul & Peter Edwin Hook(eds.). Aspects of Kashmiri Linguistics. New Delhi:Bahri Publications. 1-26Lorimer, David L.R. 1924. “Notes on the Phonetics of theDilgit Dialect of Shina.” London. Journal of the RoyalAsiatic Society. Part I: 1-42, Part II: 177-212Lorimer, David L.R. 1924. Review of Bailey’s Drammar ofthe Shina Language. London. Bulletin of the School ofOriental Studies, 3:829-42Lorimer, David L.R. 1924. “The Forms and Nature of theTransitive Verb in Shina (Dilgit Dialect).” London.Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 3:467-93Lorimer, David L.R. 1927. “On the Conjugation of theTransitive Verb in the Principal Dialects of Shina.”London. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 717-64Morgenstierne, Georg. 1924. Review: T.G. Bailey, Grammar

170Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabularyof the Shina (Sina) Language.” Copenhagen. ActaOrientalia, 4:116-17Namus, Mohammad Shuja. 1955. Gilgit aur Shina Zaban.Bahawalpur, Pakistan: Urdu AcademyNamus, Mohammad Shuja. 1963. “The Origin of the ShinaLanguage.” Anwar S. Dil (ed.). Pakistani Linguistics.Lahore: Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan. 55-60Namus, Mohammad Shuja. 1962. “A Comparative Study ofSome Features of Urdu and Shina.” Anwar S. Dil (ed.).Studies in Pakistani Linguistics. Lahore: LinguisticResearch Group of Pakistan. 67-78Radloff, Carla F. 1992. “The Dialects of Shina.” Peter C.Backstrom & Carla F. Radloff. Languages of NorthernAreas. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studiesand Summer Institute of Linguistics (SociolinguisticSurvey of Northern Pakistan, 2)Radloff, Carla F. 1999. Aspects of the Sound System ofGilgiti Shina. Islamabad: National Institute of PakistanStudies and Summer Institute of Linguistics (Studies inLanguages of Northern Pakistan, 4)Radloff, Carla F. with Shakil Ahmad Shakil. 1998. Folktalesin the Shina of Gilgit. Text, Grammatical Analysis andCommentary. Islamabad: National Institute of PakistanStudies and Summer Institute of Linguistics (Studies inLanguages of Northern Pakistan, 2)Rajapurohit, B.B. 1975, Problems Involved in thePreparation of Language Teaching Material ina Spoken Language, with special reference toShina language, in Teaching of IndianLanguages, Eds. V.I.Subramoniam andN.Sivarama Murthy, TrivandrumRajapurohit, B.B. 1979, An Example to Illustrate ProblemsInvolved in the Introduction of Mother Tongue inPrimary Education - Shina Situation, in Seminar on

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 171Tribal Language, Eduction, & Development, CIIL,Mysore.Rajapurohit, B.B. 1983. Shina Phonetic Reader. Mysore:Central Institute of Indian Languages (Phonetic ReaderSeries, 24)Ramaswami, N. 1975. Brokskat Phonetic Reader. Mysore:Central Institute of Indian Languages (Phonetic ReaderSeries, 16)Ramaswami, N. 1982. Brokskat Grammar. Mysore: CentralInstitute of Indian Languages (Grammar Series, 8)Schmidt, Ruth Laila & M.M. Zarin. 1951. “The phonologyand tonal system of Palas /kohis’tyo:/ Shina.” München.Münchner Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 40. 155-85Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1953. “Investigation of Tonal Contrastsin Two Shina Dialects.” B.B. Rajpurohit (ed.). Papers inPhonetics and Phonology. Mysore: Central Institute ofIndian Languages. 31-42Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1954. “The Shina speakers of Pakistanand India.” R.V. Weekes (ed.). Muslim Peoples: AWorld Ethnographic Survey. Second Edition. Westport,Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Vol. 2:678-84Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1952. “Morphological criteria fordistinguishing categories of transitivity in Shina.” ArleneR.K. Zide, David Magier & Eric Schiller (eds.).Proceedings of the Conference on Participant Roles:South Asia and Adjacent Areas. Bloomington: IndianaState University Linguistics Club. 33-46Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1952. “Where have the Shina speakerscome from? Some linguistic clues.” A.H. Dani (ed.).Papers Presented at the International Conference onKarakoram Culture at Gilgit, 3/1 (A revised versionpresented at Aarhus University, November, 1998 isavailable on request from the author).Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1952. “Where Have the Shina SpeakersCome From?. Some Linguistic Clues.” Islamabad.Journal of Central Asia, 8/1:17-26

172Grammar of Shina Language and VocabularySchmidt, Ruth Laila & Razwal Kohistani. 1995. “Paalus/kostyó~/ Shina revisited.” Acta Orientalia 59. 106-49Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 2000. “Typology of Shina Pronouns.”Berliner Indologische Studien 13/14. 201-13Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 2001. “A grammatical comparison ofthe Kohistani, Duresi and Dilgiti dialects of Shina.”Paper presented at the 7th Himalayan LanguagesSymposium, Uppsala University, Sweden, 7-9September, 2001Schmidt, Ruth Laila & Razwal Koistani. 2001. "Nominalinflections in the Shina of Indus Kohistan." ActaOrientalia 62:107-43Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 2004. "Compound verbs in the Shina ofKohistan". Acta Orientalia 65: 19-31Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 2004. "A grammatical comparison ofShina dialects." In Anju Saxena (ed.), HimalayanLanguages. Past and Present. Berlin / New York:Mouton de Gruyter. 33-55. (Trends in Linguistics,Studies and Monographs, 149)Schmidt, Ruth Laila. in press. “Compound tenses in theShina of Indus Kohistan.” Dirk W. Lönne (ed.).Festschrift Helmut Nespital. Reinbek: Wezler. 19pp.Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 2004 (?). “Converbs in a KohistaniShina narrative.” Acta Orientalia 64Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 2004. “Compound verbs in the Shina ofKohistan”. Acta Orientalia 65:19-31Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 2004. “A grammatical comparison ofShina dialects.” Anju Saxena (ed.), HimalayanLanguages Past and Present. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter. 33-55 (Trends in Linguistics Studies andMonographs 149)Schmidt, Ruth Laila & Razwal Kohistani. 2001. “Nominalinflections in the Shina of Indus Kohistan.” ActaOrientalia 62:107-43Shah, Ijlal Hussain. 1994. The Pragmatics of Formality and

Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary 173Politeness in Burushaski and Shina. Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam University (Unpublished M.Phil. Thesis)Taj, Abdulkhaliq. 1989. Shina qa’idah. Gilgit: UsmaniKitabkhanaWilson, J. & Deorge A. Drierson. 1599. “On the DureziDialect of Shina.” Bombay. Indian Antiquary, 28:93-102Zia, Mohammed Amin. 1986. Shina Qa’ida aur Grammar.Pakistan: Zia Publications.

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