Tufruian

The official language of Rancimor. Not many speak it after the fall of the kingdom but many historians still speak it. At least those not too scared to explore the ruins.  

Natively known as: tùfru /tʊˈfɹuː/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... iey sie mu shor sie túshà iey hùsse sie nalvag thay chay sinayz [alt] Pronunciation: /aɪ̯j saɪ̯ muː ʃɔːɹ saɪ̯ tʌˈʃɜː aɪ̯j hʊsˈsɛ saɪ̯ nælˈvæg θeɪ̯ ʧeɪ̯ siːˈneɪ̯z/ Tùfruian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind [/alt]  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p s t v w z ð ŋ ɹ ʃ ʒ ʤ ʧ θ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ			h
Approximant				ɹ		j
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: aɪ̯ aʊ̯ eɪ̯ iː oʊ̯ uː æ ɑ ɔɪ̯ ɔː ɛ ɜː ɪ ʊ ʌ   Diphthongs: aɪ̯ aʊ̯ eɪ̯ oʊ̯ ɔɪ̯

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː		uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
Low-mid	ɛ	ɜː	ʌ ɔː
Near-low	æ
Low			ɑ

Syllable structure: (C)V(C) Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable Word initial consonants: b f h j k m n p s t v w z ð ʃ ʧ θ Mid-word consonants: b bb bd bj bl bs bt bv bw bz bɹ bʃ bʒ bʤ d db dg dl dm dw dʒ f ff fk fm fn fw fɹ g gd gf gg gk gm gn gt gv gw gz gʃ gʒ gʤ h hj hl hm ht j jb jd jf jk jl jt jz jð jʃ k kb kf kh kl km kw kɹ kʃ l lj lk ln lp lt lv lz lʤ lʧ m mb mf mj mk ml mm mp mɹ mʒ mʤ mʧ n nb ng nj nl nm np ns nw nɹ nʃ nʒ nʤ p pf pm pp pt pv pʃ s sh sj sn sp ss st sv sz sɹ t tb tf tg th tk tm tn tp tv tw tɹ tʃ tʤ v vd vj vn vv vɹ w wd wm wp ws wt wv wʃ wʤ z zb zd zg zh zj zl zw zz ð ŋ ŋg ŋl ŋn ŋs ŋz ŋθ ɹ ɹk ɹm ɹp ɹt ɹv ɹð ɹʃ ɹʤ ɹθ ʃ ʃb ʃp ʃs ʃʧ ʒ ʒm ʒn ʤ ʤl ʧ ʧf ʧk ʧm ʧn θ θf θh θj θl θm θw θɹ Word final consonants: d g j k l m n p s t v w z ŋ ɹ ʃ ʒ ʤ ʧ θ   Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
aɪ̯	ie
aʊ̯	ou
eɪ̯	ay
iː	i
uː	u
æ	a
ɛ	e
ɔː	o
ɔɪ̯	oi
ɪ	ì
ʊ	ù
ɜː	à
ʌ	ú
ɑ	á
j	y
θ	th
ð	dh
ŋ	ng
ɹ	r
ʃ	sh
ʒ	zh
ʤ	j
ʧ	ch
Vː	VV
◌̯

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Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: prepositions  

Nouns

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix sák /sɑk/ man	No affix te /tɛ/ woman
Plural	Prefix paɪ̯- piesák /paɪ̯ˈsɑk/ men	If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix kʌ- kúte /kʌˈtɛ/ women

Articles

  Tùfruian has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.  

Pronouns

1st singular	yo /jɔː/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	piey /paɪ̯j/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	sie /saɪ̯/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	ád /ɑd/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	á /ɑ/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	noz /nɔːz/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	fa /fæ/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	ù /ʊ/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	yo /jɔː/ my
2nd singular	piey /paɪ̯j/ your
3rd singular masc	sie /saɪ̯/ his
3rd singular fem	ád /ɑd/ her
1st plural	á /ɑ/ our
2nd plural	noz /nɔːz/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	fa /fæ/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	ù /ʊ/ their (fem)

Verbs

	Masculine	Feminine
Present	No affix moirun /mɔɪ̯ˈɹuːn/	No affix moirun /mɔɪ̯ˈɹuːn/
Past	Prefix ɪ- ìmoirun /ɪˈmɔɪ̯ɹuːn/	Prefix bæ- bamoirun /bæˈmɔɪ̯ɹuːn/
Future	If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix piː- pimoirun /piːˈmɔɪ̯ɹuːn/	Prefix ɔː- omoirun /ɔːˈmɔɪ̯ɹuːn/

Imperfective aspect

  The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).   Tùfruian uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

If starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix nuː- numoirun /nuːˈmɔɪ̯ɹuːn/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect

  The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Tùfruian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix oʊ̯- oùmoirun /oʊ̯ˈmɔɪ̯ɹuːn/ have learned

Numbers

  Tùfruian has a base-20 number system:   1 - chi 2 - ke 3 - hu 4 - pen 5 - bù 6 - oi 7 - ta 8 - i 9 - wu 10 - wùthwud 11 - wùn 12 - teng 13 - fout 14 - oz 15 - hágzhì 16 - vaho 17 - pep 18 - buz 19 - kun 20 - fosh 21 - fosh iey chi “twenty and one” 400 - oùs “fourhundred” 401 - oùs iey chi “fourhundred and one” 800 - ke oùs “two fourhundred” 8000 - dhe “eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Prefix æ- Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix zɔː- Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix næ- Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix j- Else: Prefix jʊ- Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix pɛ- Noun to verb = Prefix ɑ- Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix θiː- Tending to = Prefix ɑ- Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃ- Else: Prefix ʃɔː- Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pɑ- One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʧ- Else: Prefix ʧɑ- Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix tɜː- Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix v- Else: Prefix vɪ- Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix w- Else: Prefix waʊ̯-