Arabic Letters Of The Alphabet
•
0 likes•78 views
Paper Writing Service http://HelpWriting.net/Arabic-Letters-Of-The-Alphabet 👈
Recommended
More Related Content
Similar to Arabic Letters Of The Alphabet
Similar to Arabic Letters Of The Alphabet (6)
More from Andrew Parish
More from Andrew Parish (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Arabic Letters Of The Alphabet
- 1. Arabic Letters of the Alphabet Initial Medial Final Alone Romanization omit (see Note )ڤ b t th j kh d dh r z s sh ṣ ḍ ẓ (ayn) gh f (see Note )ڥ q (see Note )ڥ k l m n ، ، h (see Note 3) w y Vowels and Diphthongs ◌ a ◌ ﻣ (see Rule 5) ◌ ī ◌ u ◌ ﻃ (see Rule 6(a)) ◌ aw ◌ i ◌ ū ◌ ay
- 2. Letters Representing Non-Arabic Consonants This list is not exhaustive. It should be noted that a letter in this group may have more than one phonetic value, depending on the country or area where it is used, and that the romanization will vary accordingly. گ g چ ch v ڴ ﻓ چ zh ۋ v پ p ژ zh v Notes ڤ. For the use of alif to support hamzah, see rule ڥ. For the romanization of hamzah by the consonantal sign (alif), see rule 8(a). For other orthographic uses of alif see rules 3-5. ڥ. The Maghribī variations ڢ and ڧ are romanized f and q respectively. 3. in a word in the construct state is romanized t. See rule 7(b). RULES OF APPLICATION Arabic Letters Romanized in Different Ways Depending on Their Context ڤ. As indicated in the table, and may represent: (a) The consonants romanized w and y, respectively. waḍ iwaḍ ض dalw yad iyal ahy (b) The long vowels romanized ū, ī, and ﻣ respectively. ūlﻃ ṣūrah dhū īmﻣn jīl fī kitﻣb sa ﻣb jumﻣn
- 3. See also rules (ڤڤa) and (ڤڤb)(ڤ-)ڥ. (c) The diphthongs romanized aw and ay, respectively. awj nawm law aysar shaykh aynay See also rules (ڤڤa)()ڥ and (ڤڤb)(3). ڥ. (alif), and when used to support (hamzah) are not represented in romanization. See rule 8(a). 3. (alif) when used to support waṣlah ( ٱ ) and maddah ( ) is not represented in romanization. See rules 9 and ڤ0. 4. (alif) and when used as orthographic signs without phonetic significance are not represented in romanization. fa alū ulﻣ ika ūqīyah See also rule ڥڤ and examples cited in rules ڥ3-ڥ6. 5. (alif) is used to represent the long vowel romanized ﻣ, as indicated in the table. fﻣ il riḍﻣ This alif, when medial, is sometimes omitted in Arabic; it is always indicated in romanization. See rule ڤ9. 6. Final appears in the following special cases: (a) As ◌ (alif maqṣūrah) used in place of ◌ to represent the long vowel romanized ﻣ. attﻃ ّ maḍﻃ kubrﻃ Ya yﻃ musammﻃ ّ Muṣ afﻃ
- 4. (b) As ◌ in nouns and adjectives of the form fﻣ īl which are derived from defective roots. This ending is romanized ī, not īy, without regard to the presence of ◌ (shaddah). See rule (ڤڤb)()ڥ. Raḍī al-Dīn Compare the fa īl form of the same root [without shaddah] al-Raḍī. (c) As ◌ in the relative adjective (nisbah). The ending, like (b) above, is romanized ī, not īy. al-Miṣrī Compare al-Miṣrīyah and see rule (ڤڤb)()ڤ. 7. (tﻣ marbū ah) (a) When the noun or adjective ending in is indefinite, or is preceded by the definite article, is romanized h. The in such positions is often replaced by . ṣalﻣh al-Risﻣlah al-bahīyah mir ﻣh Urjūzah fī al- ibb (b) When the word ending in is in the construct state [muḍﻣf wa-muḍﻣf ilayh], is romanized t. Wizﻣrat al-Tarbiyah Mir ﻣt al-zamﻣn (c) When the word ending in is used adverbially, (vocalized ) is romanized tan. See rule (ڥڤb). Romanization of Arabic Orthographic Symbols Other than Letters and Vowel Signs The signs listed below are frequently omitted from unvocalized Arabic writing and printing; their presence or absence must then be inferred. They are represented in romanization according to the following rules: 8. (hamzah) (a) In initial position, whether at the beginning of a word, following a prefixed preposition or conjunction, or following the definite article, is not represented in romanization. When medial or final, is romanized as (alif). asad uns idhﻣ mas alah ﺄ mu tamar ﺆ
- 5. dﻣ im mala a kha i a (b) , when replaced by the sign (waṣlah) and then known as hamzat al-waṣl, is not represented in romanization. See rule 9 below. 9. (waṣlah), like initial , is not represented in romanization. See also rule 8(b) above. When the alif which supports waṣlah belongs to the article , the initial vowel of the article is romanized a. See rule ڤ7(b). In other words, beginning with hamzat al-waṣl, the initial vowel is romanized i. Ri lat Ibn Jubayr ٱ al-istidrﻣk kutub iqtanatʹhﻣ ٱ bi-ihtimﻣm Abd al-Majīd ٱ ڤ0. ˜ (maddah) (a) Initial is romanized ﻣ. ﻣlah Kullīyat al-ﻢdﻣb (b) Medial , when it represents the phonetic combination ﻣ, is so romanized. ta ﻣlīf ﺂ ma ﻣthir ﺂ (c) ˜ is otherwise not represented in romanization. khulafﻣ ﺂ ڤڤ. ◌ (shaddah or tashdīd) (a) Over : (1) ◌, representing the combination of long vowel plus consonant, is romanized ūw. adūw qūwah See also rule (ڤb). (2) ◌, representing the combination of diphthong plus consonant, is romanized aww. Shawwﻣl ṣawwara jaww
- 6. See also rule (ڤc). (b) Over : ()ڤ Medial ◌, representing the combination of long vowel plus consonant, is romanized īy. al-Miṣrīyah See also rule (ڤb). ()ڥ Final ◌ is romanized ī. See rules 6(b) and 6(c). (3) Medial and final ◌, representing the combination of diphthong plus consonant, is romanized ayy. ayyﻣm sayyid Quṣayy See also rule (ڤc). (c) Over other letters, ◌ is represented in romanization by doubling the letter or digraph concerned. al-Ghazzī al-Kashshﻣf ڥڤ. Tanwīn may take the written form ◌, ◌ ( ◌), or ◌, romanized un, an, and in, respectively. Tanwīn is normally disregarded in romanization, however. It is indicated in the following cases: (a) When it occurs in indefinite nouns derived from defective roots. qﻣḍin ض ma nan (b) When it indicates the adverbial use of a noun or adjective. ab an faj atan ﺄ al-Mushtarik waḍ an ﴼ wa-al-muftariq ṣuq an ﴼ Grammatical Structure as It Affects Romanization ڤ3. Final inflections of verbs are retained in romanization, except in pause. represent man waliya Miṣr ma rifat mﻣ yajibu la-hum ṣallﻃ Allﻣh alayhi wa-sallam ﷲ al-Lu lu al-maknūn fī ukm ﺆ ﺆ al-ikhbﻣr ammﻣ sa-yakūn
- 7. ڤ4. Final inflections of nouns and adjectives: (a) Vocalic endings are not represented in romanization, except preceding pronominal suffixes, and except when the text being romanized is in verse. uṣūluhﻣ al-nafsīyah wa- uruq tadrīsihﻣ ilﻃ yawminﻣ hﻣdhﻣ (b) Tanwīn is not represented in romanization, except as specified in rule ڥڤ. (c) (tﻣ marbū ah) is romanized h or t as specified in rule 7. (d) For the romanization of the relative adjective (nisbah) see rule 6(c). ڤ5. Pronouns, pronominal suffixes, and demonstratives: (a) Vocalic endings are retained in romanization. anﻣ wa-anta hﻣdhihi al- ﻣl mu allafﻣtuhu wa-shurū uhﻣ ﺆ (b) At the close of a phrase or sentence, the ending is romanized in its pausal form. ayﻣtuhu wa- aṣruh Tawfīq al- akīm, afkﻣruh, ، ، ﻣthﻣruh ڤ6. Prepositions and conjunctions: (a) Final vowels of separable prepositions and conjunctions are retained in romanization. anna annahu bayna yadayhi Note the special cases: mimmﻣ, mimman. (b) Inseparable prepositions, conjunctions, and other prefixes are connected with what follows by a hyphen. bi-hi wa-ma ahu lﻣ-silkī ڤ7. The definite article: (a) The romanized form al is connected with the following word by a hyphen. al-kitﻣb al-thﻣnī al-itti ﻣd al-aṣl al-ﻣthﻣr
- 8. (b) When is initial in the word, and when it follows an inseparable preposition or conjunction, it is always romanized al regardless of whether the preceding word, as romanized, ends in a vowel or a consonant. ilﻃ al-ﻣn Abū al-Wafﻣ Maktabat al-Nahḍah al-Miṣrīyah bi-al-tamﻣm wa-al-kamﻣl Note the exceptional treatment of the preposition followed by the article: lil-Shirbīnī See also rule ڥ3. (c) The of the article is always romanized l, whether it is followed by a sun letter or not, i.e., regardless of whether or not it is assimilated in pronunciation to the initial consonant of the word to which it is attached. al- urūf al-abjadīyah Abū al-Layth al-Samarqandī Orthography of Arabic in Romanization ڤ8. Capitalization: (a) Rules for the capitalization of English are followed, except that the definite article al is given in lower case in all positions. (b) Diacritics are used with both upper and lower case letters. al-Ījī al-ﻢlūsī ڤ9. The macron or the acute accent, as appropriate, is used to indicate all long vowels, including those which in Arabic script are written defectively. The macron or the acute accent, as the case may be, is retained over final long vowels which are shortened in pronunciation before hamzat al-waṣl. Ibrﻣhīm ، Dﻣ ūd ، Abū al- asan ru ūs dhﻣlika alﻃ al- ayn ڥ0. The hyphen is used: (a) To connect the definite article al with the word to which it is attached. See rule ڤ7(a). (b) Between an inseparable prefix and what follows. See rules ڤ6(b) and ڤ7(b) above.
- 9. (c) Between bin and the following element in personal names when they are written in Arabic as a single word. See rule ڥ5. ڤڥ. The prime ( ʹ ) is used: (a) To separate two letters representing two distinct consonantal sounds, when the combination might otherwise be read as a digraph. Adʹham akramatʹhﻣ (b) To mark the use of a letter in its final form when it occurs in the middle of a word. Qal ahʹjī Shaykhʹzﻣdah ڥڥ. As in the case of romanization from other languages, foreign words which occur in an Arabic context and are written in Arabic letters are romanized according to the rules for romanizing Arabic. Jﻣrmﻣnūs (not Germanos nor Germanus) Lūrd Ghrﻣnfīl (not Lord Granville) Īsﻣghūjī (not Isagoge) For short vowels not indicated in the Arabic, the Arabic vowel nearest to the original pronunciation is supplied. Gharsiyﻣ Khayin (not Garcﻏa Jaﻋn) Examples of Irregular Arabic Orthography ڥ3. Note the romanization of ﷲ, alone and in combination. Allﻣh ﷲ billﻣh lillﻣh bismillﻣh ﷲ al-Mustanṣir billﻣh ڥ4. Note the romanization of the following personal names: ﻣhﻣ Yﻣsīn ، Amr Bahjat ، ڥ5. and are both romanized ibn in all positions. A mad ibn Mu ammad ibn Abī al-Rabī Shar Ibn Aqīl alﻃ Alfīyat Ibn Mﻣlik
- 10. Exception is made in the case of modern names, typically North African, in which the element is pronounced bin. Bin Khiddah Bin- Abd Allﻣh ﷲ ڥ6. Note the anomalous spelling , romanized mi ah.