ccvn4575 2

Cuộc
Chiến
Việt
Nam
1945-
1975 Tập 2
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JӗPFiFQKkQYұW1JѭӡL9LӋW4XӕF*LD1JѭӡL9LӋW&ӝQJ6ҧQYj
FiFQKkQVƭ4XӕF7ӃGRFiFQKұWNêGLӉQYăQKRһFEjLYLӃWFӫD
FKtQKQKkQYұWҩ\NK{QJGQJQKұQÿӏQKFӫDQJѭӡLNKiFJKpSFKR
QKkQYұWÿyQJѭӡLYLӃWFKӍVѭXWҫPYjWUѭQJGүQFiFWjLOLӋXOӏFK
VӱWӯQKLӅXSKLiYjVDXFQJWiFJLҧWyPOѭӧFQKұQÿӏQKFӫDFiF
QKkQYұWOӏFKVӱYӅ&XӝF&KLӃQ9LӋW1DP
CUỘC CHIẾN VIỆT NAM 1945-1975 567

568 LONG ĐIỀN
7ӕ+ӳX
Tӕ+ӳX-2002)
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7ӕ+ӳXWrQWKұWOj1JX\ӉQ.LP7KjQKWKiQJQăP±
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WKѫWLrXELӇXFӫDGzQJWKѫFiFKPҥQJ9LӋW1DPÐQJÿmWӯQJJLӳFiF
FKӭFYөTXDQWUӑQJWURQJKӋWKӕQJFKtQKWUӏFӫD9LӋW1DPQKѭӪ\YLrQ
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QKӳQJQăPQrQEӏPLӉQQKLӋPPӑLFKӭFYөFKӍFzQOjPPӝWFKӭF
QJKLrQFӭXKuQKWKӭF
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PjWKӃ9ұ\WӭFOjEҧQWKkQPuQKNK{QJFKӍFKӏXWUiFKQKLӋPFKRPӛL
570 LONG ĐIỀN
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KѭӣQJÿӃQEDPjQӃXPuQK\rXEDWKuWҩWQKLrQPuQKNK{QJQrQOjP
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QJKӋFKtQKWUӏQj\[2].
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[ ].
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OmQKWөFӝQJVҧQTXӕFWӃQKѭ6WDOLQ ĈͥLÿͥLQKͣÐQJKD\0DR7UҥFK
(
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&iFWiFSKҭP
7ͳ̭\ (1946)
9L͏W%̷F (1954)
*LyO͡QJ (1961)
5D WU̵Q (1962-1971)
Máu và Hoa (1977)
0͡W WL͇QJ ÿͥQ (1992)
7DYͣLWD (1999)
;k\GӵQJPӝWQӅQYăQQJKӋOӟQ[ӭQJÿiQJYӟLQKkQGkQWDWKӡL
ÿҥLWDWLӇXOXұQ
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%jLWKѫWLrXELӇX

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Hoa tím 7kPWѭWURQ
Bài ca xuân 1961
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Kính g͵LFͭ1JX\͍Q'X Theo chân B
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và hoa
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WұSWKѫ9LӋW%ҳF
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chung:
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FKLӃQVƭFiLW{LQKkQGDQKĈҧQJYjGkQWӝF9uWKӃFyêQJKƭDNKiLTXiW
UӝQJOӟQ[3]
572 LONG ĐIỀN

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7URQJYLӋFPLrXWҧÿӡLVӕQJWKѫ7ӕ+ӳXPDQJÿұPFKҩWVӱWKL
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FӫDGkQWӝFQKӳQJYҩQÿӅFyêQJKƭDOӏFKVӱFyWuQKFKҩWWRjQGkQ
QKӳQJELӃQFӕTXDQWUӑQJWiFÿӝQJÿӃQYұQPӋQKGkQWӝFĺFҧPKӭQJ
FKӫÿҥRWURQJWKѫOjFҧPKӭQJOӏFKVӱGkQWӝFOjYұQPӋQKFӫDFӝQJ
ÿӗQJ[3]
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7ҩWFҧQKӳQJÿLӅXWUrQWKӇKLӋQTXDJLӑQJWKѫPDQJWtQKFKҩWWkP
WuQKUҩWWӵQKLrQÿҵPWKҳPFKkQWKjQK
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PX{QÿӡLWuQKPҽFRQYӧFKӗQJWuQK\rXÿ{LOӭDĺJLӑQJÿLӋXFӫD
WuQKWKѭѫQJPӃQ[3]
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574 LONG ĐIỀN
9ӧFKӗQJ7ӕ+ӳXFyEDFRQKDLJiLYjPӝWWUDL
7ӕ+ӳX1KӳQJ9ҫQ7Kѫ.Ky4XrQ
http://www.lmvntd.org/article.php3?id_article=274
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mӟi, vӯa phҧi phê phán nhӳng viӋc chѭa tӕt...
Khi biӇu dѭѫng hay phê phán, ÿӗng chí NguyӉn Văn Linh thѭӡng
nêu cao vai trò tiên phong gѭѫng mүu cӫa cán bӝ, ÿҧng viên, nhҩt là
trong thӵc hành tiӃt kiӋm, chӕng xa hoa, lãng phí, tham nhǊng. Ĉӗng
chí nói: Muӕn tiӃt kiӋm, chӕng xa hoa, lãng phí thì cán bӝ lãnh ÿҥo phҧi
gѭѫng mүu làm trѭӟc. Xe lӱa có ÿҫu tàu. Ĉҫu tàu chuyӇn ÿӝng chҥy sӁ
kéo các toa cùng chҥy theo. Ĉҫu tàu cӭ kéo còi, xӏt khói mà nҵm im,
làm sao các toa nhúc nhích ÿѭӧc. Tѭѫng tӵ, ÿӕi vӟi viӋc chӕng tham
nhǊng, quan liêu, cӱa quyӅn, ÿӗng chí NguyӉn Văn Linh viӃt: Nhà dӝt
tӯ nóc, không sӱa lҥi mái nhà thì khi mѭa, nѭӟc tӯ nóc ÿә xuӕng, quét
mãi cǊng không hӃt ÿѭӧc. Phҧi quét nѭӟc nhѭng ÿӗng thӡi phҧi chӕng
dӝt. Không chӕng dӝt ӣ nóc, mà cӭ quét mãi, quét ÿӃn chӯng nào mӟi
xong ?.
Nhân kӹ niӋm 62 năm Ngày Báo chí cách mҥng ViӋt Nam (21-6-
1987) ÿӗng chí NguyӉn Văn Linh ÿã có mӝt bài báo giao nhiӋm vө cho
các nhà báo tiӃp tөc công cuӝc chӕng tiêu cӵc cӫa mình trên báo chí: ...
Các nhà báo phҧi có tҩm lòng cѭѫng trӵc, yêu ngѭӡi làm ÿúng, làm tӕt
ÿӇ ca ngӧi; ghét kҿ làm xҩu, làm sai, làm ác ÿӇ lên án.
Ĉӗng chí NguyӉn Văn Linh, ÿӗng chí Nói và Làm, mӝt ngѭӡi hӑc
trò xuҩt sҳc cӫa Chӫ tӏch Hӗ Chí Minh, dù hoàn cҧnh nào, cѭѫng vӏ nào
cǊng luôn giӳ ÿѭӧc bҧn chҩt liêm khiӃt, khiêm tӕn, giҧn dӏ cӫa ngѭӡi
cách mҥng, luôn có cuӝc sӕng cá nhân mүu mӵc theo gѭѫng Bác ӗ vӍ
ÿҥi. Trong suӕt nhiӋm kǤ Tәng Bí thѭ cӫa mình, ÿӗng chí NguyӉn
Văn Linh không chӍ ÿôn ÿӕc tӵ phê bình và phê bình tӯ dѭӟi lên mà
cҧ tӯ trên xuӕng dѭӟi.
Cӕ Tәng Bí thѭ NguyӉn Văn Linh, tҩm gѭѫng sáng ngӡi vӅ ÿҥo
ÿӭc cách mҥng, vӅ cái tâm trong sáng và tinh thҫn ÿҩu tranh không
khoan nhѭӧng vӟi tiêu cӵc cӫa ngѭӡi làm báo. Ĉӗng chí mãi xӭng
ÿáng ÿӇ cán bӝ, ÿҧng viên và các tҫng lӟp nhân dân hӑc tұp và làm theo.
http://203.162.0.19:8080/show_content.pl?topic=1&ID=2905
TѬ TѬӢNG VÀ BҦN LƬNH CӪA NHÀ LÃNH ĈҤO ĈҦNG
THӠI Kǣ ĈӘI MӞI (TӮ THӴC TIӈN HOҤT ĈӜNG CӪA
TӘNG BÍ THѬ NGUYӈN VĂN LINH)
Hoàng Chí Bҧo(*)
I. Ĉҥi hӝi ÿәi mӟi và Tәng Bí thѭ ÿҫu tiên cӫa thӡi kǤ Ĉәi mӟi
Trong lӏch sӱ các ÿҥi hӝi cӫa Ĉҧng, Ĉҥi hӝi VI (12-1986) có vӏ trí
và ý nghƭa ÿһc biӋt, xӭng ÿáng ÿѭӧc ghi vào biên niên sӱ cӫa Ĉҧng nhѭ
mӝt sӵ kiӋn bѭӟc ngoһt, mӝt dҩu son chói lӑi. Ĉây là Ĉҥi hӝi mӣ ÿҫu
600 LONG ĐIỀN

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Ĉӗng chí NguyӉn Văn Linh ÿѭӧc Ban Chҩp hành Trung ѭѫng khóa
VI bҫu vào chӭc vө Tәng Bí thѭ, trӣ thành Tәng Bí thѭ ÿҫu tiên cӫa
Ĉҧng thӡi kǤ ÿәi mӟi.
Năm năm mӣ ÿҫu sӵ nghiӋp ÿәi mӟi cӫa Ĉҥi hӝi VI gҳn liӅn vӟi
tên tuәi, trí tuӋ, bҧn lƭnh và nhân cách cӫa nhà lãnh ÿҥo cao nhҩt cӫa
Ĉҧng ta.
Tәng Bí thѭ NguyӉn Văn Linh ÿã có nhӳng cӕng hiӃn rҩt to lӟn ÿӕi
vӟi Ĉҧng và dân tӝc trong bѭӟc ngoһt quan trӑng này – bѭӟc ngoһt liên
quan mұt thiӃt tӟi cuӝc sӕng cӫa nhân dân, Wong lai, trien vong cӫa
dân, tӝc. Nhӳng cӕng hien ҩy mãi mãi ÿѭӧc nhac ÿen trong lӏch sir Ĉҧng
ta, trong nhұn thӭc cӫa mӛi cán bӝ, ÿҧng viên. Ĉó là nhà lãnh ÿҥo có
tҫm tѭ tѭӣng lӟn, có bҧn lƭnh vӳng vàng, kiên ÿӏnh. Và, trong tâm trí,
tình cҧm cӫa mӛi ngѭӡi dân, ÿӗng chí NguyӉn Văn Linh ÿѭӧc nhҳc ÿӃn
vӟi tҩt cҧ lòng biӃt ѫn sâu sҳc. Ĉó là ngѭӡi hӑc trò ѭu tú cӫa Bác Hӗ ÿã
thӇ hiӋn ÿѭӧc mӝt phҭm chҩt cao quý – lãnh tө cӫa dân, yêu dân, tin
dân và thѭѫng dân rҩt mӵc chân thành, lӡi nói ÿi ÿôi vӟi viӋc làm, suӕt
mӝt ÿӡi cҫn kiӋm liêm chính, chí công vô tѭ, vì dân, vì Ĉҧng.
II. Tѭ tѭӣng ÿәi mӟi, bҧn lƭnh ÿәi mӟi cӫa nhà lãnh ÿҥo cao nhҩt
cӫa Ĉҧng – Tәng Bí thѭ NguyӉn Văn Linh
1. Nói ÿӃn tѭ tѭӣng và bҧn lƭnh ÿәi mӟi cӫa Tәng Bí thѭ NguyӉn
Văn Linh, trѭӟc hӃt cҫn nói ÿӃn sӵ nhҥy cҧm trѭӟc nhӳng vҩn ÿӅ thӵc
tiӉn, năng lӵc thҩu hiӇu nhӳng nhu cҫu bӭc xúc, nhӳng lӧi ích hàng
ngày trong cuӝc sӕng cӫa ngѭӡi dân ӣ cѫ sӣ. Ĉây là thӵc chҩt cӫa vҩn
ÿӅ, bҳt nguӗn tӯ quan ÿiӇm thӵc tiӉn, quan ÿiӇm nhân dân, tѭ tѭӣng
“thân dân”, “vì dân” mà ÿӗng chí NguyӉn Văn Linh ÿã sӟm cҧm thө
ÿѭӧc tӯ tѭ tѭӣng và nhân cách cӫa Bác Hӗ. Nó ÿѭӧc ÿӗng chí vұn dөng
vào hoҥt ÿӝng thӵc tiӉn và xây dӵng thành phong cách lãnh ÿҥo cӫa
mình, ÿӗng thӡi chú trӑng phát triӇn phong cách ÿó trong tұp thӇ Ban
lãnh ÿҥo Ĉҧng.
Ӣ Tәng Bí thѭ NguyӉn Văn Linh, tӯ thӵc tiӉn mà phát hiӋn nhӳng
tình huӕng ÿòi hӓi phҧi ÿәi mӟi. Tӯ tәng kӃt thӵc tiӉn mà tìm ra bҧn
chҩt và xu hѭӟng cӫa phát triӇn; dùng sӭc mҥnh cӫa tѭ duy khoa hӑc –
duy vұt và biӋn chӭng – mà khái quát thӵc tiӉn thành lý luұn. Nhӡ ÿó,
ÿәi mӟi lҩy sӭc sӕng tӯ thӵc tiӉn, trӣ thành lý luұn nhӡ thӵc tiӉn, và
hành ÿӝng thӵc tiӉn luôn giúp ích ÿҫy tin cұy cho mӑi sӵ kiӇm chӭng
lý luұn. Ĉәi mӟi ÿòi hӓi cách nghƭ mӟi, cách làm mӟi vѭӧt qua nhӳng
ÿѭӡng mòn, khuôn sáo cǊ; ÿòi hӓi không chӍ có ÿӝng cѫ và quyӃt tâm
mà còn có trí tuӋ sáng tҥo và bҧn lƭnh dám chӏu trách nhiӋm, trѭӟc hӃt
ӣ ngѭӡi lãnh ÿҥo.
602 LONG ĐIỀN

Lý luұn gҳn liӅn vӟi thӵc tiӉn là bҧn chҩt cӫa chӫ nghƭa Mác – Lê-
nin, là khoa hӑc, ÿӗng thӡi là cách mҥng. Ĉәi mӟi cǊng mang bҧn chҩt
ҩy. Ӣ cѭѫng vӏ nhà lãnh ÿҥo cao nhҩt, ÿӗng chí NguyӉn Văn Linh ÿã
nhұn rõ vai trò dүn ÿѭӡng cӫa lý luұn và tӵ ý thӭc sâu sҳc rҵng, ÿ͝i mͣi
là m͡t cu͡c cách m̩ng theo ý nghƭa ÿúng ÿҳn, ÿҫy ÿӫ nhҩt cӫa khái
niӋm này.
Mӝt trong nhӳng phҭm chҩt ÿáng quý cӫa Tәng Bí thѭ NguyӉn Văn
Linh là ӣ chӛ, càng quyӃt tâm ÿәi mӟi, càng phҧi chú trӑng ÿӃn lý luұn;
nói ÿӃn ÿәi mӟi tѭ duy, ÿiӅu căn bҧn là phҧi nói ÿӃn ÿәi mӟi tѭ duy lý
luұn. Bӣi vұy, Ĉҧng phҧi chú trӑng lãnh ÿҥo công tác tѭ tѭӣng, lý luұn;
cán bӝ, ÿҧng viên phҧi ra sӭc hӑc tұp và nghiên cӭu lý luұn, thӵc sӵ giҧi
phóng tѭ tѭӣng, tôn trӑng nhӳng tìm tòi sáng tҥo, biӃt lҳng nghe, biӃt
tranh luұn ÿӇ nhұn rõ chân lý, phân biӋt ÿúng – sai, phҧi – trái.
Ngay tӯ nhӳng năm ÿҫu cӫa ÿәi mӟi, ÿӗng chí ÿã nhҩn mҥnh: “Ĉәi
mӟi là mӝt sӵ nghiӋp mӟi mҿ, phӭc tҥp, có nhiӅu vҩn ÿӅ phҧi tìm tòi,
thӱ nghiӋm ÿúng – sai không phҧi dӉ dàng phân biӋt ÿѭӧc ngay... phҧi
thӵc hiӋn và ÿҧm bҧo dân chӫ thӵc sӵ trong Ĉҧng và trong xã hӝi
thì mӟi phát huy ÿѭӧc rӝng rãi mӑi sang kiӃn, sang tҥo cӫa cán bӝ,
ÿҧng viên và quҫn chúng. ĈӇ thӵc hiӋn dân chӫ hóa xã hӝi, trѭӟc hӃt
phҧi dân chӫ hóa trong Ĉҧng. Toàn Ĉҧng phҧi gѭѫng mүu thӵc hiӋn
dân chӫ. Trong thҧo luұn, sӵ khác nhau vӅ ý kiӃn và quan niӋm là
chuyӋn bình thѭӡng. Vҩn ÿӅ là ӣ chӛ, không ÿӇ sӵ khác nhau ÿó
thành mҩt ÿoàn kӃt, dүn ÿӃn chia rӁ.”(1).
Ĉӗng chí thҷng thҳn chӍ ra tình trҥng yӃu kém cӫa công tác lý luұn
trong Ĉҧng. Ĉó là tình trҥng chӍ dӵa vào nhӳng nguyên lý phә biӃn có
sҹn trong sách vӣ, trong khi nghiên cͱu, ÿ͉ xṷt tͳ cu͡c s͙ng hi͏n th͹c
thì quá ít. Không ít trѭӡng hӧp rѫi vào tình trҥng kêu gӑi lòng tin, ÿҥo
ÿӭc trӯu tѭӧng mà không khêu gӧi ÿѭӧc lý trí, loay hoay vӟi nhӳng
viӋc thѭӡng ngày, nhiӅu khi là sӵ vө mà ít mӣ rӝng tҫm nhìn ra cҧ nѭӟc
và thӃ giӟi ÿӇ nӛ lӵc kӃ thӯa trí tuӋ cӫa thӡi ÿҥi. Hұu quҧ tai hҥi cӫa tình
trҥng này trong chӍ ÿҥo thӵc tiӉn là vô cùng to lӟn và thӵc sӵ nguy hҥi
ÿӕi vӟi sӵ nghiӋp cách mҥng cӫa chúng ta.(2)
Trong ÿiӅu nhұn ÿӏnh và phê phán nêu trên, có thӇ thҩy rõ, Tәng Bí
thѭ NguyӉn Văn Linh ÿã bұn tâm lo lҳng ngay tӯ nhӳng ngày ÿҫu ÿәi
mӟi vӅ mӝt nguy cѫ, ÿó là nguy c˯ l̩c h̵u, tͭt h̵u v͉ trí tu͏. Tҫm nhìn
và sӵ nhҥy cҧm này, vào thӡi ÿiӇm hiӋn nay, khi thӃ giӟi ÿәi thay nhanh
chóng, gia tӕc phát triӇn cӫa khoa hӑc – công nghӋ, cӫa thông tin và lý
luұn cӵc lӟn, càng trӣ nên có tính thӡi sӵ, có ý nghƭa hiӋn ÿҥi biӃt bao.
2. Tѭ tѭӣng và bҧn lƭnh ÿәi mӟi cӫa Tәng Bí thѭ NguyӉn Văn Linh

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604 LONG ĐIỀN

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1JX\ӉQ0ҥQK7ѭӡQJ (1909 – 13 tháng 6, 1997)
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_M%E1%BA%
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Construction de l’Orient (1937)
Sourires et Larmes d’une Jeunesse (1937)
Pierres de France (1940)
Apprentissage de la Méditerranée (1940)
Le Voyage et le Sentiment (1940)
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Code des Lê. D.E., Droit, Montpellier, Imp. de la Presse Montpellier
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http://www.talawas.org/?p=15410http://www.viet-
studies.info/NMTuong/NMTuong_HoiKy.htm
http://www.thongluan.org/vn/modules.php?name=News&file=arti
cle&sid=4362
http://saigonecho.com/pdfs/KeBiMatPhepThongCong.pdf
666 LONG ĐIỀN

http://danluan.org/node/3465
2- &XӕLWUDQJWKHREҧQGӏFKWUDQJEҧQWLӃQJ3KiS
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14- Bùi Tín
Bùi Tín(1927- )
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B9i_T%C3%ADn
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Chú thích
^ a b Hearings before the Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs,
United States Senate, November 7, 1991. See transcript pages 461 ff. [1]
^ McCain, John; Mark Salter (2002). Worth the Fighting For.
Random House. ISBN 0-375-50542-3. pp. 245–247.
^ Bui Tin, “Vietnam: The Betrayal of A Revolution;
Victims of Discredited Doctrine, My People Now Look to
America”, ‘The Washington Post’ WKiQJ QăP
Trích: “On the morning of April 30, 1975, as Saigon fell to our forces, I
was with the first tank unit to crash through the gates of the presidential
palace in the South Vietnamese capital. Though I was then serving
as a correspondent for our army newspaper, I was the senior officer
present, and my comrades insisted that I accept the surrender from
General Duong Van “Big” Minh, the last head of the defeated Saigon
670 LONG ĐIỀN

government. “
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A 1KLӅXWiFJLҧ30 tháng 41;%7KjQKSKӕ+ӗ&Kt0LQK
tr.81, 82.
A Börries Gallasch, Bruder Minh, fürchte dich nicht63,(*(/Vӕ
21/1975, 19/5/1975, tr. 94-98

http://www1.voanews.com/vietnamese/blogs/tin/bui-tin-30-
thang-4-2010-92439619.html
7X\rQEӕFӫDQKjEiR%L7tQ
nhân ngày 30-4-2010.
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Ngay 30/4/1975: Nhà báo

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Bùi Tín
http://www.dcvonline.net/php/modules.php?name=News&file=art
icle&sid=4960
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698 LONG ĐIỀN

bҩt ngӡ lӟn cho quân miӅn Nam bҥi trұn. Cҧnh này ÿѭӧc kӇ lҥi, tái tҥo
bҵng nhiӅu tranh vӁ, phóng sӵ, tѭӡng thuұt tҥi chӛ bӣi các phóng viên
báo chí hӗi ҩy. ChӍ tiӃc rҵng hӗi ҩy máy ҧnh còn thô sѫ, nһng nӅ, chѭa
có máy quay phim, máy ghi âm.
Ĉҥi thӇ cuӝc nӝi chiӃn Hoa KǤ kӃt thúc rҩt ÿӝc ÿáo, không giӕng
bҩt kǤ cuӝc chiӃn nào khác, rҩt ÿҽp, cҧm ÿӝng, rҩt có hұu.
Ĉó là ÿêm 8-4-1865, ÿӝi quân chӫ lӵc cӫa miӅn Nam do tѭӟng
Gordon chӍ huy ӣ trong tình trҥng tuyӋt vӑng, Tѭӟng Gordon gӱi báo
cáo cho tѭӟng R. Lee ӣ gҫn ÿó: “Chúng tôi ÿã chiӃn ÿҩu bҵng mӑi
khҧ năng. Thѭa Ĉҥi tѭӟng, chúng tôi không thӇ làm gì hѫn”. Tѭӟng
Lee triӋu tұp gҩp bӝ Tham mѭu, lҳc ÿҫu rҫu rƭ: “Tình hình này, tôi
không thӇ làm gì hѫn là ÿӃn gһp tѭӟng Grant ÿӇ ÿҫu hàng”. Nѫi hҽn gһp
nhau là ngôi nhà nhӓ mang tên Courthouse giӳa thӏ trҩn Appomattox gҫn
ÿó. Nӱa giӡ sau tѭӟng Grant có mһt. Ông cӕ tình mһc cӵc kǤ giҧn dӏ,
không quân phөc, không huân chѭѫng, không mang kiӃm, ӫng ÿҫy
bùn, áo khoác ÿen. Tѭӟng Lee mһc quân phөc tѭѫm tҩt chào trình diӋn.
Tѭӟng Grant bҳt tay, mӡi ngӗi. Tѭӟng Lee ÿӅ nghӏ tѭӟng Grant ÿӅ ra
nhӳng ÿiӅu kiӋn ÿҫu hàng. Tѭӟng Grant ÿã nghƭ kӻ, liӅn thҧo xong
ngay rӗi ÿѭa cho tѭӟng Lee yêu cҫu xem lҥi và có ý kiӃn gì không.
Tѭӟng Lee ÿӑc to, chұm rãi: “... vǊ khí, ÿҥi bác, tài sҧn công phҧi liӋt
kê, sҳp xӃp, giao nӝp ÿӫ, trӯ kiӃm, súng ngҳn cá nhân cӫa sӻ quan; lӯa
ngӵa và tѭ trang cӫa sӻ quan, binh lính ÿѭӧc phép giӳ lҥi. Giao nӝp
xong, mӑi sӻ quan binh sӻ ÿӅu ÿѭӧc trӣ vӅ nguyên quán. Hӑ sӁ không
bӏ cѫ quan công quyӅn nào quҩy nhiӉu vӟi ÿiӅu kiӋn tôn trӑng lӋnh ÿҫu
hàng và mӑi luұt lӋ ÿӏa phѭѫng...”. Lӯa ngӵa rҩt cҫn cho nghӅ nông ӣ
miӅn Nam ai mang theo ÿѭӧc phép mang vӅ.
Tѭӟng Lee tѭѫi tӍnh hҷn lên, vui mӯng hiӇu ra rҵng quân lính cӫa
mình không bӏ giam giӳ nhѭ tù binh chiӃn tranh, không bӏ làm nhөc,
hành hҥ, cǊng không ai bӏ ra tòa vӅ tӝi phҧn loҥn.
Cuӕi cùng tѭӟng Grant hӓi tѭӟng Lee có cҫn ÿiӅu gì không? Tѭӟng
Lee cám ѫn: “Thѭa nhӳng ÿiӅu này sӁ làm quân lính tôi rҩt lên tinh
thҫn. ChӍ có mӝt vҩn ÿӅ khҭn cҩp là chúng tôi cҥn sҥch lѭѫng thӵc ...”.
Tѭӟng Grant ÿáp ӭng ngay, ra lӋnh xuҩt lұp tӭc 25 ngàn khҭu phҫn cho
ÿӝi quân phía Nam.
Hӑ siӃt chһt tay nhau, dѫ tay chào nhau ÿӇ tӯ biӋt.
Trên chiӃn tuyӃn còn khói lӱa, tin chҩm dӭt chiӃn tranh lan cӵc
nhanh, binh sӻ miӅn Bҳc hò hét, tung mǊ, ôm nhau, hôn nhau, nhiӅu nѫi

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702 LONG ĐIỀN

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706 LONG ĐIỀN

có tên Bùi Tin.
9ӅSKLi&691KӑWuPPӑLFiFKÿӇWULӋWKҥX\WtQFӫD%L7tQ :
http://www.qdnd.vn/QDNDSite/vi-VN/61/43/5/5/5/85138/
Default.aspx +m\QyLVӵWKұW
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Bùi Tín _ Bùi Tín ông là ai?
http://www.vnpressnet.com/2010/01/bui-tin-bui-tin-ong-la-ai.
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742 LONG ĐIỀN

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0ӝWKLӋQWѭӧQJQӳDFKRWKҩ\ҧQKKѭӣQJFӫD³1KkQ9ăQ*LDL3KҭP´
ÿӕi vӟi thanh niên là hӗi ÿó hӑ thѭӡng ngâm nga, nhѭ lӡi cӱa miӋng,
mҩy câu thѫ nәi tiӃng“Ĉem bөc công an/ÿһt giӳa trái tim ngѭӡi/Bҳt
tình cҧm ngѭӧc xuôi/Theo luұt ÿi ÿѭӡng nhà nѭӟc” (Lê Ĉҥt), “Tôi
bѭӟc ÿi/không thҩy phӕ/không thҩy nhà/ChӍ thҩy mѭa sa/trên màu cӡ
ÿӓ” (Trҫn Dҫn). Tôi còn nhӟ mӝt chuyӋn làm dѭ luұn ӣ Hà Nӝi hӗi ÿó
rҩt phүn nӝ, là theo lӋnh “trên”, Sӣ Báo chí cӫa Thӫ tѭӟng phӫ ÿã phái
cán bӝ cӫa Sӣ, tên là ThiӃt VǊ, ÿѭa mӝt bài phê phán báo “Nhân Văn”
ÿӃn cho tӡ “Trăm Hoa” và yêu cҫu ÿăng. Chӫ bút NguyӉn Bính không
chӏu nhұn bài. ThiӃt VǊ nài ép không ÿѭӧc, thӃ là anh chàng vǊ phu kia
ÿã hành hung nhà thѫ. Dѭ luұn phҧn ÿӕi ҫm lên mӝt dҥo.
Ĉàn áp, khӫng bӕ
Vѭӧt qua bao khó khăn do nhà cҫm quyӅn gây ra, báo “Nhân Văn”
ra ÿѭӧc năm sӕ. ĈӃn sӕ 6, khi nhà in ÿã lên khuôn, thì trѭӣng ban tuyên
huҩn trung ѭѫng Tӕ Hӳu hô hoán ҫm lên rҵng trong sӕ 6, NguyӉn Hӳu
Ĉang trҳng trӧn xúi giөc dân chúng biӇu tình trong dӏp Quӕc hӝi hӑp,
âm mѭu gây bҥo loҥn. Rӗi... theo mӝt kӃ hoҥch ÿӏnh sҹn, nhӳng tuyên
bӕ ÿӗng loҥt ÿѭӧc tung lên, ÿһc biӋt là tuyên bӕ cӫa “235 văn nghӋ sƭ
Nam Bӝ” (thұt ra, ÿây là tác phҭm nguӷ tҥo cӫa báo “Thӕng Nhҩt”)
ÿăng trên báo “Nhân Dân” ngày 15.12.1956 buӝc tӝi cho báo “Nhân
Văn” ÿӇ cho kҿ ÿӏch lӧi dөng, gây chia rӁ Bҳc Nam, gây sӵ hiӇu lҫm
vӅ chӃ ÿӝ tӕt ÿҽp cӫa miӅn Bҳc, nguy hҥi cho sӵ nghiӋp thӕng nhҩt
Tә quӕc. Cùng ngày ÿó, Chӫ tӏch Uӹ ban Hành chính Hà Nӝi ÿã ra
lӋnh cҩm báo “Nhân Văn”, Chӫ tӏch nѭӟc ViӋt Nam Dân chӫ Cӝng
hoà Hӗ Chí Minh ra sҳc lӋnh báo chí. ThӃ là nhӳng tӡ “Trăm Hoa”,
“Ĉҩt Mӟi”, “Giai Phҭm”... ÿӅu bӏ bóp chӃt không kèn không trӕng.VӅ
sau, sӕ phұn nhӳng ngѭӡi tham gia vào trào lѭu Nhân Văn-Giai Phҭm
này nhѭ thӃ nào thì chҳc nhiӅu ngѭӡi ÿã biӃt. Ngѭӡi ta ÿã trҳng trӧn
biӃn chuyӋn văn chѭѫng thành mӝt “vө án gián ÿiӋp”. Nhà văn nӳ
Thuӷ An chҷng dính dҩp gì ÿӃn báo “Nhân Văn” cǊng bӏ ghép vào
nhóm “Nhân Văn” và ngày 21.1.1960 ÿѭa ra xӱ trong “vө án gián
ÿiӋp” cùng vӟi NguyӉn Hӳu Ĉang, Trҫn ThiӃu Bҧo và Phan Tài và Lê
Nguyên Chi (hai ngѭӡi này bӏ coi là tòng phҥm). Nhà văn Thuӷ An và
nhà hoҥt ÿӝng văn hoá NguyӉn Hӳu Ĉang mӛi ngѭӡi lƭnh án 15
năm tù ngӗi, nhà xuҩt bҧn Minh Ĉӭc – 10 năm tù ngӗi, tӏch thu tài
sҧn, hai tòng phҥm – mӛi ông lƭnh 5 năm tù. Nhѭng ÿó chӍ mӟi là mһt
nәi cӫa tҧng băng mà thôi. Sӕ còn lҥi thì ngѭӡi ta không công khai xét
xӱ tҥi toà án, nhѭng lҥi ngҩm ngҫm tӕng vào tù, nhѭ các ông Phùng
Cung, Trҫn Duy, Phan Tҥi, Hoàng Công Khanh, Tuân NguyӉn...
Riêng nhà thѫ Phùng Cung “âm thҫm” ngӗi tù ÿӃn 12 năm – tӯ tháng
12.1961 ÿӃn tháng 11.1972, qua nhiӅu nhà tù ÿӝc ác nhҩt trên miӅn
744 LONG ĐIỀN

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7ѭӡQJ&iFYăQQJKӋVƭFyGtQKÿӃQ1KkQ9ăQ*LDL3KҭPÿӅXEӏ³Nӹ
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QJKӋVƭPLӅQ%ҳFGuPKӑWURQJQӛLNKLӃSVӧWULӅQPLrQÿqEҽSWUtViQJ
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FKLӃQFǊ´ÿѭӧFWKjQKOұSGRQKjFiFKPҥQJOmRWKjQK1JX\ӉQ+ӝOjP
FKӫQKLӋP&kXOҥFEӝÿmSKiWKX\WLQKWKҫQWӵGRWѭWѭӣQJWӵGRQJ{Q
OXұQ Yj G NK{QJ ÿѭӧF SKpS YүQ FKR UD EiR ³7UX\ӅQ 7KӕQJ .KiQJ
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EӝWUѭӣQJWKӭWUѭӣQJSKҥPVDLOҫPÿӇFKRWULӋXGkQPLӅQ%ҳFEӏ

ÿói năm 1987, yêu cҫu Trung ѭѫng ÿӯng “ÿӝc,diӉn” khi Quӕc hӝi
bҫu Chӫ tӏch Hӝi Ĉӗng Bӝ Trѭӣng .Ĉҧng cҫm quyӅn tӭc giұn, bҳt ÿҫu
ÿàn áp nhӳng ngѭӡi tham gia Câu lҥc bӝ thì ông NguyӉn Hӝ – ngѭӡi
ÿҧng viên vӟi 50 tuәi ÿҧng – ÿã tuyên bӕ ra khӓi ĈCSVN (1990).
Trong năm 1987, Tәng Bí thѭ NguyӉn Văn Linh tuyên bӕ “cӣi trói”
cho văn nghӋ sƭ – sӵ thұt là chӍ tҥm thӡi nӟi lӓng dây trói thôi – thì giӟi
trí thӭc, văn nghӋ sƭ, các nhà báo ÿã biӃt nhân cѫ hӝi ÿó vѭѫn lên. Nhà
văn Nguyên Ngӑc ÿã ÿѭa ra bҧn “ĈӅ cѭѫng ÿӅ dүn thҧo luұn ӣ hӝi nghӏ
ÿҧng viên bàn vӅ sáng tác văn hӑc”, mӝt lҫn nӳa ÿһt lҥi quan hӋ giӳa
văn hӑc và chính trӏ, phҧn ÿӕi dung tөc hoá mӕi quan hӋ này, phҧn ÿӕi
sӵ “tuyӋt ÿӕi hoá chính trӏ, tuyӋt ÿӕi hoá sӵ chi phӕi tҩt yӃu cӫa chính
trӏ ÿӕi vӟi văn hӑc” (nguyên văn), nói mӝt cách khác văn hӑc ÿòi “tӵ
do”, ÿòi thoát khӓi sӵ,dè ÿҫu cѭӥi cә cӫa “ÿҧng tính”. Thұt ra cǊng
không khác mҩy yêu cau ÿòi Ĉҧng “trҧ văn nghӋ cho văn nghӋ sƭ”
màTrҫn Dҫn ÿã ÿѭa ra hӗi cuӕi năm 1954 ÿҫu năm 1955, khӣi ÿҫu cho
trào lѭu “Nhân Văn-Giai Phҭm”. Mӝt phong trào sáng tác mҥnh mӁ ÿã
ÿѭӧc dҩy lên: nhiӅu tác phҭm vang dӝi mӝt thӡi ÿã xuҩt hiӋn, nhѭ “Thӡi
Xa Vҳng” (1986) cӫa Lê Lӵu, “TiӇu ThuyӃt Vô ĈӅ” “Thiên Ĉѭӡng
Mù” và “Bên Kia Bӡ Ҧo Vӑng” (1987) cӫa Dѭѫng Thu Hѭѫng, “Ly
Thân” (1987) cӫa Trҫn Mҥnh Hҧo, “Lӡi Khai Cӫa Bӏ Can” (1987) cӫa
Trҫn Huy Quang, “Cái Ĉêm Hôm Ҩy Ĉêm Gì” (1988) cӫa Phùng Gia
Lӝc, “TiӃng Ĉҩt” (1988) cӫa Hoàng Hӳu Cát, “Mùa Lá Rөng Trong
Vѭӡn” (1985) cӫa Ma Văn Kháng, “Tѭӟng VӅ Hѭu” cӫa NguyӉn Hӳu
ThiӋp... Văn thѫ cӫa NguyӉn Minh Châu, Trҫn Vàng Sao, Xuân QuǤnh,
NguyӉn Duy, Bùi Minh Quӕc, Thanh Thҧo, hӝi hoҥ cӫa NguyӉn Tѭ
Nghiêm, NguyӉn Sáng, Bӱu ChӍ, kӏch nghӋ cӫa Lѭu Quang VǊ, Tҩt
Ĉҥt... ÿã ÿӇ lҥi nhӳng dҩu ҩn ÿҽp cho thӡi kǤ ÿó. Nhӳng ÿәi thay cӫa
báo chí cǊng khá tích cӵc, nәi bұt là tuҫn báo “Văn NghӋ” dѭӟi thӡi
tәng biên tұp Nguyên Ngӑc, “Sông Hѭѫng” vӟi tәng biên tұp Tô
Nhuұn Vƭ, “Lang Bian” vӟi tәng biên tұp Bùi Minh Quӕc, “Tuәi Trҿ”
v.oi tәng biên tұp VǊ Kim Hҥnh. CǊng cҫn nhҳc ÿӃn vai trò cӫa ông
Tran Ĉӝ, hӗi ÿó là trѭӣng Ban Văn nghӋ Trung ѭѫng ÿã có công
thuyӃt phөc Tәng Bí thѭ NguyӉn Văn Linh và Bӝ chính trӏ ra nghӏ
quyӃt 05 (công bӕ ÿҫu tháng 12.1987) vӟi tinh thҫn nӟi rӝng tӵ do cho
văn nghӋ sƭ, phҫn nào ÿã có tác dөng mӣ ÿѭӡng cho các tác phҭm tӕt ra
ÿӡi. VӅ ҩn phҭm bí mұt thì phҧi kӇ ÿӃn tӡ “DiӉn Ĉàn Tӵ Do”, do Giáo
sѭ Ĉoàn ViӃt Hoҥt chӫ trѭѫng. Mӝt thӡi gian sau thì ÿҧng cҫm quyӅn
hoҧng sӧ, lҥi bày ra “vө án Câu lҥc bӝ Nhӳng ngѭӡi Kháng chiӃn cǊ”,
ÿѭa vào tù các ông Tҥ Bá Tòng, Hӗ HiӃu, Ĉӛ Trung HiӃu, Ĉӛ Ĉình
746 LONG ĐIỀN

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748 LONG ĐIỀN

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Moskva, 11.11.2006
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1-Dwight D. Eisenhower:
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower TiӇXVӱ77
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Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (1874-1965)

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cách Stalin.
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774 LONG ĐIỀN

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Maximilianovich Malenkov, Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin và
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—Winston Churchill
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Stalin.
7KHRWӡIzvestiaVӕUDQJj\WKiQJ[10]
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“
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—Olga Patenkova
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bái cá nhân. [3][10] 0ӝW Eӝ SKұQ QJѭӡL1JD ÿm WӕFiR QKӳQJ VDL OҫPFi
QKkQFӫD6WDOLQYj[HPÿyOjQJX\rQQKkQNKLӃQWәQWKҩWFӫDQKkQGkQ
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7әQJWKӕQJ1JD'PLWU\$QDWRO\HYLFK0HGYHGHYYLӃWWUrQEORJ
776 LONG ĐIỀN

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7ѭӣQJ QKӟ çjQ iS &KtQK WUӏ´ SKyQJ YLrQ QKұW EiR %D /DQ *]HWD
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F{QJOêOӏFKVӱ´[12]
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WXQJUDY{VӕQKӳQJQKұQÿӏQKEӏDÿһWÿӇKҥWKҩSYDLWUzYjWҫPFӥFӫD
OmQKWө6WDOLQ7KtGөWKHRKӑQJӥQKѭGROӛLFӫD6WDOLQPj0RVNYDÿm
EӏEҩWQJӡWUѭӟFFXӝFWҩQF{QJFӫDQѭӟFĈӭFSKiW[tWQJj\
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FKӃÿӝ&ӝQJVҧQ/LrQ;{%jQyL[15]
6DLOҫPOӟQQKҩWOjQJѭӡLWDEySPpRYjQJө\WҥRKӑFWKX\ӃWFӫD
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7KѫFD
7ӕ+ӳXÿmFyEjLWKѫ³Stalin! Stalin!´QăPNKLQJKHWLQ6WDOLQ
qua ÿӡi:
Bӳa trѭӟc mҽ cho con xem ҧnh
Ông Stalin bên cҥnh nhi ÿӗng
Áo Ông trҳng giӳa mây hӗng
Mҳt Ông hiӅn hұu, miӋng Ông mӍm cѭӡi
-Nhӳng lӡi tӕ cáo Stalin tӯ phiá Cӝng Sҧn: Nhikita Khѫrútsӕp
Vӄ Tӊ SÙNG BÁI CÁ NHÂN VÀ NHӲNG HҰU QUҦ CӪA NÓ
Báo cáo mұt tҥi phiên hӑp kín (ngày 25-2-1956) cӫa Ĉҥi hӝi lҫn
thӭ XX ÿҧng Cӝng sҧn (bôn-se-vích) Liên Xô. TӪ SÁCH NGHIÊN
CӬU (gӗm 42 trang ÿánh máy): www.tusachnghiencuu.org/pdf_files/
baocao.pdf 1997
Ĉӛ Tӏnh dӏch theo bҧn tiӃng Pháp
(có ÿӕi chiӃu, sӱa chӳa và chӍnh lý theo bҧn tiӃng Hung)
LӠI GIӞI THIӊU
1956! Ba năm sau khi Xtalin [Staline] chӃt, ÿҧng Cӝng sҧn Liên Xô
tә chӭc Ĉҥi hӝi lҫn thӭ XX, nhҵm mөc ÿích thay ÿәi chính sách, sӱa
ÿәi sai lҫm, cҧi tә ÿҧng và cҧi tә chӃ ÿӝ. Ngày bӃ mҥc Ĉҥi hӝi, giӳa
lúc các ÿҥi biӇu lөc tөc kéo nhau ra vӅ, tәng bí thѭ ÿҧng Khѫrútsӕp
[Khrouchtchev] triӋu tұp mӝt cuӝc hӑp bҩt thѭӡng gӗm riêng các
ÿҥibiӇu Liên Xô, không có mһt các ÿҥi biӇu các ÿҧng anh em. Trѭӟc
cuӝc hӑp, Khѫrútsӕp ÿã ÿӑc mӝt bҧn báo cáo, ÿúng hѫn là mӝt bҧn án,
vҥch trҫn nhӳng sai lҫm và nhӳng tӝi ác cӫa Xtalin. Bҧn báo cáo này ÿã
ÿi vào lӏch sӱ vӟi cái tên
Báo cáo mұt cӫa Khѫrútsӕp vӅ Xtalin1.
Gӑi là “mұt”, nhѭng chӍ trong vòng hai ba ngày, bàn báo cáo cӫa
Khѫrútsӕp ÿã ÿѭӧc dӏch ra khҳp các thӭ tiӃng, lѭu hành khҳp các nѭӟc
không nҵm dѭӟi quyӅn kiӇm soát cӫa các ÿҧng Cӝng sҧn. Ĉây là mӝt
sӵ kiӋn quan trӑng có mӝt không hai trong lӏch sӱ. Nó mӣ ÿҫu mӝt thӡi
kǤ chuyӇn biӃn cӫa hҫu hӃt các ÿҧng Cӝng sҧn trên thӃ giӟi. Nó ÿánh
dҩu mӝt bѭӟc ngoһt quyӃt ÿӏnh dүn tӟi sӵ băng hoҥi cӫa chӫ nghƭa xta-
lin-nít cùng sӵ sөp ÿә cӫa Liên Xô và các nѭӟc Ĉông Âu nhѭ ta ÿã
thҩy.
Ngay sau khi bҧn báo cáo này ÿѭӧc công bӕ trên các báo chí, tӡ
Ti͇ng thͫ - cѫ quan tuyên truyӅn cӫa Nhóm tr͙t-kít Vi͏t Nam ͧ Pháp -
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Ông Medvedev nói ông không thӇ tѭӣng tѭӧng nәi quy mô ÿàn áp
dѭӟi thӡi Stalin khi nhiӅu nhóm ngѭӡi bӏ tàn sát và thұm chí mҩt cҧ
quyӅn ÿѭӧc chon cҩt.
Ông tәng thӕng Nga nói nhiӅu ngѭӡi ÿang tìm cách biӋn minh
cho chӃ ÿӝ ÿàn áp trong quá khӭ, và ông cҧnh cáo nhӳng ngѭӡi
muӕn xuyên tҥc lӏch sӱ.
Bình luұn cӫa ông Medvedev nhѭ ÿұp thҷng vào trào lѭu xӃp
Stalin vào hàng lãnh tө có năng lӵc ÿã làm thay ÿәi bӝ mһt cӫa Liên
bang Xô ViӃt.
Dѭӟi thӡi Putin, ngѭӡi ta ÿã phҧi viӃt lҥi sách giáo khoa lӏch sӱ,
tô ÿұm nhӳng thành tӵu cӫa Stalin.
Tҥi Moscow giӡ thұm chí còn có mӝt quán café mang chӫ ÿӅ
Stalin và mӝt ga tàu ÿiӋn ngҫm vӟi nhӳng khҭu hiӋu nәi tiӃng cӫa Stalin
trên tѭӡng.
Ӣ miӅn bҳc nѭӟc Nga, mӝt nhà sӱ hӑc ÿiӅu tra vӅ nhӳng tӝi ác
cӫa nhà cӵu ÿӝc tài Xô ViӃt gҫn ÿây ÿã bӏ bҳt.
Dѭӡng nhѭ ÿang tӗn tҥi mӝt sӵ chia rӁ rõ rӋt trong giӟi lãnh ÿҥo
Nga vӅ ÿӅ tài vô cùng nhҥy cҧm này.
Long Ĉi͉n t͝ng k͇t các s͹ ki͏n liên quan ÿ͇n Stalin v͉
cu͡c chi͇n Vi͏t Nam:
-Stalin nh̵n ÿ͓nh th͇ nào v͉ cu͡c chi͇n Vi͏t Nam và dùng ÿ̫ng
CSVN nhѭ thӃ nào trong mѭu ÿӗ bành trѭӟng cӫa Cӝng Sҧn Quӕc TӃ:
- Qua các tài liӋu lӏch sӱ thuӝc khӕi Cӝng Sҧn và khӕi Tӵ Do hiӋn
nay ÿã giҧi mұt cho thҩy Stalin phҥm nhiӅu tӝi ác nghiêm trӑng nhѭng
bӏ bӝ máy tuyên truyӅn cӫa CS Liên Xô cӕ tình che dҩu. Nhӳng viӋc
làm, chӫ trѭѫng cӫa Stalin trong hӋ thӕng chӍ huy Cӝng Sҧn Quӕc TӃ
vӟi ý ÿӗ bành trѭӟng chӫ nghiã Cӝng Sҧn sang các nѭӟc khác trên
toàn thӃ giӟi trong ÿó có ViӋt Nam, Stalin phҧi chӏu trách nhiӋm trѭӟc
nhӳng tӝi ác cӫa Chӫ Nghiã Cӝng Sҧn ÿӕi vӟi nhân loҥi.
-ViӋc mӣ trѭӡng ÿào tҥo các cán bӝ CSQT ÿӇ xâm nhұp và phá
hoҥi ngay trên chính ÿҩt nѭӟc cӫa hӑ vӟi sӵ ӫng hӝ tài chánh và vұt
chҩt cӫa CSQT. Nhӳng chӫ trѭѫng ÿӝc ác làm phân hoá,chia rҿ ,phân
chia giai cҩp ÿã ҧnh hѭӣng tai hҥi lâu dài cho ViӋt Nam,khiӃn cho công
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4-John Fitzgerald Kennedy:
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vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy
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Ngày sinh: 29 tháng 5, 1917
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Phu nhân Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy

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PROSPECTS IN SOUTH VIETNAM 17 April 1963 from National
Intelligence Council(NIC).
THE PROBLEM (pages 186-198)
To assess the situation and prospects in South Vietnam, with special
emphasis upon the military and political factors most likely to affect
the counter -insurgency effort.
CONCLUSIONS
A. We believe that Communist progress has been blunted and that
the situation is improving. Strengthened South Vietnamese capabilities
and effectiveness, and particularly US involvement, are causing the
Viet Cong increased difficulty, although there are as yet no persuasive
indications that the Communists have been grievously hurt. (Paras.
27.28)
B. We believe the Communists will continue to wage a war of
794 LONG ĐIỀN

attrition, hoping for some break in the situation which will lead to
victory. They evidently hope that a combination of military pressure
and political deterioration will in time create favorable circumstances
either for delivering a coup de grâce or for a political settlement which
will enable them to continue the struggle on more favorable terms. We
believe it unlikely, especially in view of the open US commitment, that
the North Vietnamese regime will either resort to overt military attack
or introduce acknowledged North Vietnamese military units into the
south in an effort to win a quick victory. (Paras. 29.31)
C. Assuming no great increase in external support to the Viet Cong,
changes and improvements which have occurred during the past year
now indicate that the Viet Cong can be contained militarily and that
further progress can be made in expanding the area of government
control and in creating greater security in the countryside.
However, we do not believe that it is possible at this time to project
the future course of the war with any confidence. Decisive campaigns
have yet to be fought and no quick and easy end to the war is in sight.
Despite South Vietnamese progress, the situation remains fragile.
(Para. 3~2)
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“Kennedy,John Fitzgerald (1917-1963).
President of the United States,1960-1963.His policy in Vietnam led
to a neutralization of Laos,a dramatic increase in U.S. military led to
and advisors in South VietNam, and complicity in the overthrow of the
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Kennedy was a strong supporter of the Truman Doctrine,although
he denounced the Truman administration for the 1949Communist
victoriy in China. In 1953 the citizens of Massachusetts elected him to
the U.S.Senate,where he showed continuing interrest in foreing affairs
as a critic of Eisenhower administration policies....
Although Diem’s government accepted military reform and
adopted the Stragetic Hamlet program, Diem becameincreasingly less
willing to accept U.S. adviceon political reform. Thus ,the Kennedy
administration focused on increasing efficiency in the war effort;for
example,providing helicopters and establishing a command-level
headquarters, the Military Assistance Command,Vietnam(MACV),in
1962.
Continuing Pathet Lao offensives in Laos and NorthVietnamese
exploitation of the Ho Chi Minh Trail led the Kennedy administration
to attempt to renegotiate the neutrality of Laos, which was suppose to
have been agreed on in the 1954 Geneva Accords. The Kremlin, which
had been supplying arms to the Communist Pathet Lao in Laos since
1960, assured Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian Affairs W.
Averell Harriman that they would cooperate in keeping the DRV from
using Laos as a corridor into South Vietnam.Kennedy sent U.S.Marines
to the Thai-Lao border,sent the Seventh Fleet to the region,and obtained
the neutralization of Laos at Geneva in July 1962. But the DRV did not
withdraw its troops or cease exploitation of the Trail. The United Statas
accepted a false neutrality in southern Laos in return for preservation
of a shaky neutrality in northern Laos,but conceded the Lao corridor to
the Communist anh severely limited U.S. strategic options.”

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5-Richard Nixon.
Richard Milhous Nixon

“(January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994)
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon%iFKNKRDWRjQWKѭPӣ
Wikipedia
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Phu nhân Thelma Catherine Patricia Ryan (Pat) Nixon
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800 LONG ĐIỀN

Richard Milhous Nixon (9 tháng 1, 1913 – 22 tháng 4, 1994) là
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Nixon’s Vietnam War
by Jeffrey P. Kimball
Hardcover: 528 pages
ISBN: 0700611908
Publisher: University Press of Kansas
Publish Date: July 15, 2006
A review by John Rincon
Peace Without Honor
In Jeffrey Kimball’s highly acclaimed 1998 book entitled, Nixon’s
Vietnam War, the author looks to set the record straight defining “Richard
Nixon’s critical role” in shaping United States policy in Vietnam from
1969 through the signing of the Paris Peace Accords in January 1973.
The book has a small section reserved for a review of Nixon’s political
career and the development of his staunch anti-communist agendas.
For the most part however the book deals with the years of the Nixon
Presidency and how he, along with Henry Kissinger endeavored to
bring “peace with honor,” for the United States and end the war in
Southeast Asia. Nixon’s Vietnam War, is not meant to be a full length
study of United States military strategy and the tactics on the battlefield,
rather it is richly detailed look behind the scenes at Nixon’s attempts,
both publicly and secretly, to bring a close to America’s longest war.
The book is basically broken into three sections, each looking at
specific issues that show how Nixon and his right hand man, Kissinger,
map out a strategy to finalize a peace in Vietnam. In the first section,
Kimball delves into Nixon’s psychological make-up. Kimball does not
pretend to be a “psychohistorian,” be he weaves a fascinating story
of Nixon’s personality disorders that have been documented over
the years by both psychohistorcial biographers, and “conventional”
biographers. Though Kimball concedes that Nixon was an extremely
intelligent man, he (Kimball) feels Nixon suffered from various alleged
psychological disorders that impeded his ability to make certain policy
decisions. Kimball theorizes that the American public for the most part
understood these internal conflicts inside Nixon’s mind. Polls during
Nixon’s Presidency indicate that voters could “simultaneously perceive
him as a discredited, evil president while honoring him for his grasp
of foreign policy.” Kimball also contends that Nixon was aware of his
dark side. He quotes Nixon once telling an advisor that, “you’ve got to
be a little evil to understand those people out there. You have to have
known the dark side of life to understand those people.” Kimball agrees
with the thinking of the noted psychohistorical biographer James David
Barber, who diagnoses Nixon as an “active-negative,” that is, someone
who has a “fundamentally aggressive character but controlled his anger,
keeping his frustrations within himself.” This manifested itself in his
behavior towards Vietnam in the form of the “madman” theory. Nixon
stated he wanted North Vietnam, “to believe I’ve reached a point where
I might do anything to stop the war.” He wanted to slip Hanoi the word
that, “for god’s sake, you know Nixon is obsessed with communism.
We can’t restrain him when he is angry-and he has his hand on the
nuclear button.” With this mentality Nixon develops his foreign policy
for Southeast Asia. A type of good cop, bad cop scenario, with Nixon
the bad cop and Kissinger doing all he can to stop Nixon from “pushing
the button,” the good cop. Of course this rational never really did
much good regarding the North Vietnamese, they had been threatened
with annihilation many times previously, first by China, then France,
then Japan, and now the United States. The powers in North Vietnam
didn’t really believe that Nixon would use tactical nuclear weapons in
Southeast Asia. They called his bluff, and continued negotiating from
802 LONG ĐIỀN

a position of strength. The strength that came from knowing they had
time on their side. One day the United States would grow weary of
fighting this war of attrition, and realize the best option, like the French
and Chinese was to get out.
The second part of the book looks at the military means Nixon
used hoping to bring about a negotiated settlement. Those means were
the continued bombing of North Vietnam, the secret bombing of the
Viet Cong enclaves outside South Vietnam, the later incursions into
Cambodia and Laos, and the rapid escalation of Vietnamization. As
Henry Kissinger talked about peace in Paris, Nixon unleashed the full
might of American air power against North Vietnam. These bombing
raids, code named Linebacker and Linebacker II, were designed to
force the North Vietnamese into hard-core negotiations by having them
realize that Nixon was not going to ease up until a peace was brokered.
Kimball’s contention is that for the most part these bombing raids were
a failure, based on the fact that North Vietnam was not an industrial
based country. Towards the end of the war there were simply no military
targets left to hit, only the ones that would cause death and hardship for
the civilian population. This is one of the parts of the book in which
I hoped Kimball would have gone into further detail and explanation.
What was the strategy behind these raids, how did they hurt or help
the United States both strategically as well as publicly, and why did
Nixon continued to bomb even when he and Kissinger knew that it was
making very little impact on the North, except for civilian casualties?
One of the better aspects of the book are the chapters regarding
America’s incursions into Cambodia and Laos. This is certainly not a
definitive account dissecting both incursions. However, Kimball does a
credible job in attempting to convey how and why Nixon and Kissinger
thought these actions would force the North Vietnamese officials to
realize there was no way they could win the conflict. Both the secret
bombings of Cambodia and Laos along with the ground strikes into
both countries garnered mixed results. On the one hand they did capture
a large array of weapons, food, medicine, and documents, but by the
same token they did very little in ultimately destroying the North’s
ability to supply the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army (NVA)
units in the south. Both operations at best, only limited the movement
of men and material down the Ho Cho Minh trail for a short duration.
In 1969, then Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird coined the phrase
“Vietnamization.” This was the phrase Nixon and his cabinet would use
to describe U.S. de-escalation in Vietnam while handing over the day
to day duties of the war to their South Vietnamese counter-parts. There
is still quite a debate whether Vietnamization was a realistic goal for
the Nixon Administration. Kimball mentions many times that the South
Vietnamese proved that their military was incapable of dealing with
mounting pressure from Viet Cong and NVA military units. He further
states that the South Vietnamese Government was almost completely
controlled by U.S authority and their ability to resist a sizable and
concerted effort by the North was always in question. This was proved
beyond a shadow of a doubt by the invasion of Laos in 1971. Code named
Lam Son 719, the invasion was to be a “coming out” for Vietnamization.
Only the South Vietnamese troops would be involved, with limited help
provided by U.S. advisors. The invasion was a shambles from the start.
Without U.S. military personnel on site to coordinate infantry, air, and
artillery, the South Vietnamese strike force failed to reach most, if not all
of their objectives. An operation thought to take weeks only lasted a few
agonizing days before the South Vietnamese military was forced back
across the border. Nixon and Kissinger were thoroughly embarrassed by
the operation; Kimball believes Nixon realized that full Vietnamization
would never be attained without a promise of massive U.S. fire power.
Especially if the North ever decided to initiate a full-scale invasion of the
South, once the United States pulled-out.
The final part of the book and one that receives the most in-depth
study is the process of the peace talks in Paris between Kissinger
and North Vietnamese officials. Kimball focuses on Nixon’s and
Kissinger’s interpretation of events, rather than examining what the
North Vietnamese were trying to achieve. Both Nixon and Kissinger
seriously doubted that the North could go on fighting indefinitely
due to the Linebacker bombing raids. They failed to understand the
determination of their foe and the casualties they were willing to
withstand to gain the upper hand in the negotiations. One issue that
Kimball does discuss thoroughly is that of South Vietnamese President
Nguyen Van Thieu’s opposition to the Paris Peace Accords. Thieu was
extremely concerned because both Nixon and Kissinger failed miserably
to keep him in the “loop” while negotiating the cease-fire agreement
with the Communists. In fact, Thieu for the most part was exempt from
the entire peace mediation process. Thieu loathed the final draft of he
accords in 1973 that allowed Viet Cong and NVA units then in the South
Vietnam to remain in place and not be forced to pull back beyond the
border of the two countries. Thieu realized this would mean suicide for
his country and only signed the agreement after intense pressure from
804 LONG ĐIỀN

Nixon and the promise of massive retaliation if the North would ever
break the peace agreement. This is probably the saddest aspect to the
Paris Peace Accords, signed on 27 January 1973. That is, the fact that
in a few short months the controversy surrounding Watergate would
lead to Nixon’s resignation and congressional limitation for a military
response in South Vietnam. Both Nixon and Kissinger said they would
achieve “peace with honor,” in Vietnam. Instead Kimball implies they
sold Thieu’s government “down the river.” This was done mostly for
political gain and without a policy in place to aid South Vietnam once
U.S. forces pulled-out of a country where they had been fighting for
almost nine years.
Nixon’s Vietnam War is Jeffrey Kimball’s second book about
America’s involvement in Southeast Asia. Though the book has flaws
that I have mentioned in the review, I believe this is mandatory reading
for all those interested in getting a closer look at Nixon’s policies
regarding the war in Vietnam. The book is useful for those trying to piece
together the events leading up to the final peace negotiations in Paris in
1973, how those negotiations were carried out, what repercussions they
had for South and North Vietnam, and finally, how this period altered
the views now held about Nixon and Kissinger in world history.
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tapes_vn.shtml
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812 LONG ĐIỀN

thӕng Nixon ÿã muӕn ÿҥt ÿѭӧc thӓa thuұn tҥi Hòa ÿàm Paris vӟi Hà
Nӝi bҵng mӑi giá và gây sӭc ép rҩt lӟn ÿӕi vӟi Sài Gòn.
Mӝt ÿoҥn băng trong sӕ 150 giӡ thu âm và 30 nghìn trang tài liӋu
ÿѭӧc Thѭ viӋn Nixon công bӕ hôm thӭ Ba vӯa qua có lӡi cӫa Tәng
thӕng Nixon nói vӟi Cӕ vҩn An ninh Henry A. Kissinger vӅ Tәng thӕng
NguyӉn Văn ThiӋu.
Nixon nói ÿӇ bҳt Tәng thӕng ViӋt Nam Cӝng Hòa ký vào hòa ÿàm,
ông sҹn sàng “cҳt ÿҫu y nӃu cҫn thiӃt” (cut off his head if necessary).
Bài cӫa Shaun Tandon trên AFP hôm 23/06 thì mô tҧ ông Nixon
ÿã yêu cҫu ông Kissinger nói vӟi Tәng thӕng ViӋt Nam Cӝng hòa rҵng
Quӕc hӝi Mӻ sӁ cҳt viӋn trӧ nӃu Sài Gòn không ÿӗng ý vӟi kӃt quҧ hòa
ÿàm .
~
Nhѭng có vҿ nhѭ ông Nixon sҹn sàng làm mҥnh hѫn nӃu lӡi ÿe dӑa
cҳt viӋn trӧ không ÿҥt mөc ÿích.
Các ÿoҥn băng cǊng cho thҩy mӝt thӭ ngôn ngӳ rҩt ‘Kissinger’ mà
Cӕ vҩn An ninh cӫa Tәng thӕng Hoa KǤ dùng ÿӇ nói vӅ ÿӗng minh.
Ông Kissinger nói vӟi Tәng thӕng vӅ Ngoҥi trѭӣng Trҫn Văn Lҳm
cӫa Nam ViӋt Nam, ngѭӡi có mһt khi ÿó tҥi Paris ÿӇ dӵ hӑp.
Dùng tӯ tөc ÿӇ gӑi ông Lҳm là ‘an ass’, ông Kissinger nói “ Y cǊng
chҷng làm ÿѭӧc gì cҧ ÿâu”.
CǊng chӍ tháng trѭӟc, ông Nixon ÿã tiӃp Ngoҥi trѭӣng Nam ViӋt
Nam và hӭa sӁ “làm tҩt cҧ ÿӇ giúp Nam ViӋt Nam” và “nӅn ÿӝc lұp”
cӫa nѭӟc này.
Ông Nixon còn nói: “ĈiӅu chính yӃu là cҫn phҧi nhӟ: chúng tôi biӃt
ai là nhӳng ngѭӡi bҥn thӵc thө”.
“Tôi không rõ ÿe dӑa ÿó có ÿӫ hay không, nhѭng tôi sҹn sàng làm
bҩt cӭ ÿiӅu gì, kӇ cҧ cҳt ÿҫu cӫa y nӃu cҫn thiӃt”.
Tәng thӕng Nixon ÿe dӑa Tәng thӕng ThiӋu
Nhà nghiên cӭu vӅ Nixon, ông Ken Hughes tӯ ÿҥi hӑc Virginia
nói ông bӏ chҩn ÿӝng khi nghe ÿoҥn ghi âm mà ông Nixon nói vӅ ông
ThiӋu.
Báo New York Times 23/06/2009 trích lӡi ông Hughes, ngѭӡi
nghiên cӭu các băng ghi âm cӫa nhiӅu tәng thӕng Mӻ, nói cuӝc ÿàm
thoҥi trên càng làm ông tin tѭӣng vào quan ÿiӇm rҵng cҧ ông Nixon,
ông ThiӋu và ông Kissinger ÿӅu biӃt trѭӟc rҵng cuӝc ngѭng bҳn không
thӇ duy trì nәi.
Ĉó cǊng chҷng phҧi là “hòa bình trong danh dӵ” nhѭ ông Nixon mô

tҧ, mà chҷng qua chӍ là cách ÿӇ Hoa KǤ rút khӓi cuӝc chiӃn mà “không
mҩt mһt”.
Rӓ ràng là Nixon muӕn có Chҩm Dӭt Cuӝc ChiӃn trong Hoà Bình
Danh Dӵ mà thұt ra sӵ phҧn Bӝi Ĉӗng Minh thì chҷng ÿem lҥi Danh
Dӵ gì cho Hoa KǤ!
Tәng kӃt cӫa Long ĈiӅn vӅ các Nhұn ÿӏnh cӫa TT Nixon trong
cuӝc chiӃn ViӋt Nam :
1-TT Nixon thӇ hiӋn ÿúng ÿһc tính cӫa ngѭӡi Mӻ: QuyӅn lӧi, lӧi
nhuұn là trên hӃt. ChiӃn luӧc cӫa Hoa KǤ ÿӕi vӟi chiӃn trѭӡng ViӋt
Nam là “Ĉánh không cҫn thҳng”chӍ mong giӳ ÿѭӧc hiӋn trҥng ban ÿҫu,
cӕt làm suy yӃu tiӅm năng cӫa Liên Xô khi chҥy ÿua vǊ trang và tách
Trung Cӝng ra khӓi Liên Xô là ÿӫ.
2-TT Nixon dӵ trù Hoà Ĉàm Paris không có hiӋu quҧ ngăn chұn
CSVN mà chӍ là phѭѫng tiӋn ÿӇ rút quân trong “danh dӵ” và nhұn hài
cӕt quân nhân Mӻ mҩt tích.( nhѭ vұy chҷng có danh dӵ gì)
3-Do MiӅn Nam ViӋt Nam và Hoa KǤ có nhu cҫu vӅ cuӝc chiӃn,
nhìn nhұn cuӝc chiӃn theo các quan ÿiӇm khác nhau, nên ӭng xӱ khác
nhau, thay vì công khai các mөc tiêu, ông Nixon lҥi che dҩu mөc tiêu
và cam kӃt gian dӕi.
Trách nhiӋm cӫa TT Nixon ÿӕi vӟi ÿҩt nѭӟc VN sau kӃ hoҥch “Hoà
Bình Trong Danh Dӵ” rҩt lӟn, bӓi vì sau chiӃn tranh VN chҩm dӭt 1975,
CSVN còn sát hҥi hàng triӋu ngѭӡi dân VN vô tӝi do sӵ rút bӓ, tháo
chҥy cӫa Hoa KǤ.
814 LONG ĐIỀN

6-Henry Kissinger:
Henry Kissinger
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Henry Alfred Kissinger (tên khai sinh: Heinz Alfred Kissinger;
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger 7jL OLӋX ÿҫ\ ÿӫ YӅ
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http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/797596/posts Henry
816 LONG ĐIỀN

Kissinger: This Man Is On The Other Side
http://www.buinhuhung.com/English/4sovietAgentW.htm Henry
KISSINGER Soviet Agent by Frank Campell
http://www.tldm.org/news2/kissinger.htm Kissinger: traitor to
America
http://www.wariscrime.com/2009/08/25/articles/the-case-of-
kissinger/ The Case of Kissinger
http://www.buinhuhung.com/English/4sovietAgentW.htm Henry
KISSINGER Soviet Agent by Frank Campell: In view of such a record
one is not surprised to find that Henry A. Kissinger was years ago
identified as a K.G.B. undercover agent, code-named Bor, assigned to
a Soviet spy ring called ODRA.
http://www.buinhuhung.com/DAICAOTRANG/06Kissinger.htm
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http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript1138.html Henry Kissinger
at Large, Part One
THINK TANK WITH BEN WATTENBERG TTBW 1204 PBS
feed 1/29/2004: Henry KISSINGER: “Well I was born in Germany in
1923 in a little town called Furth near Nuremburg, which has the same
psychological relationship to Nuremburg as Brooklyn has to New York.
It’s basically part of the same city but it’s got a separate entity. My
father was a teacher in a local Gymnasium, and it was sort of a German
middle-class existence until Hitler came to power in 1933, whereupon
my father, being Jewish, was forced to resign and conditions became
progressively more difficult so in 1938 my parents decided to immigrate
to the United States.”.....
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In 1973, Kissinger and Le Duc Tho were awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize for the Paris Peace Accords of 1973, “intended to bring about a
cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces,”
while serving as the United States Secretary of State. Unlike Tho, who
refused it because Vietnam was still at war, Kissinger accepted it.
On January 13, 1977, Kissinger was presented with the Presidential
Medal of Freedom by President Gerald Ford.
In 1995, he was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the

Order of the British Empire .
[60]
In 1998, Kissinger became an honorary citizen of Fürth, Germany,

his hometown. He has been a life-long supporter of the Spielvereinigung
Greuther Fürth football club and is now an honorary member. He served
as Chancellor of the College of William and Mary from February 10,
2001 to the summer of 2005.
In April 2006, Kissinger received the prestigious Woodrow Wilson
Award for Public Service from the Woodrow Wilson Center of the
Smithsonian Institution.
In June 2007, Kissinger received the Hopkins-Nanjing Award
for his contributions to reestablishing Sino–American relations. This
award was presented by the presidents of Nanjing University, Chen
Jun and of Johns Hopkins University, William Brody, during the 20th
anniversary celebration of the Johns Hopkins University—Nanjing
University Center for Chinese and American Studies also known as the
Hopkins-Nanjing Center.
In September 2007, Kissinger was honored as Grand Marshal of the
German-American Steuben Parade in New York City. He was celebrated
by tens of thousands of spectators on Fifth Avenue. Former German
Chancellor Helmut Kohl was supposed to be a co-Grand Marshal but
had to cancel due to health problems. Kohl was represented by Klaus
Scharioth, German Ambassador in Washington, who led the Steuben
Parade with Kissinger.
Kissinger is known to be a member of the following groups:
Bohemian Grove[61]
Council on Foreign Relations[62]
Aspen Institute[63]
Bilderberg Group[64]
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Bibliography
+ӗLNê0HPRLUV
1979. The White House Years. ISBN 0-316-49661-8
1982. Years of Upheaval. ISBN 0-316-28591-9
1999. Years of Renewal. ISBN 0-684-85571-2
&KtQKViFK&{QJ&ӝQJ3XEOLFSROLF\
818 LONG ĐIỀN

1957. Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy. ISBN 0-865-31745-3
(1984 edition)
1961. The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign
Policy. ISBN 0-06-012410-5
1965. The Troubled Partnership: A Re-Appraisal of the Atlantic
Alliance. ISBN 0-07-034895-2
1969. American Foreign Policy: Three essays. ISBN 0-297-17933-0
1973. A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems
of Peace, 1812-22. ISBN 0-395-17229-2
1981. For the Record: Selected Statements 1977-1980 . ISBN
0-316-49663-4
1985 Observations: Selected Speeches and Essays 1982-1984 .
ISBN 0-316-49664-2
1994. Diplomacy. ISBN 067165991X
1999. Kissinger Transcripts: The Top Secret Talks With Beijing and
Moscow (Henry Kissinger, William Burr). ISBN 1-56584-480-7
2001. Does America Need a Foreign Policy?: Toward a Diplomacy
for the 21st Century. ISBN 0684855674
2002. Vietnam: A Personal History of America’s Involvement in
and Extrication from the Vietnam War. ISBN 0-7432-1916-3
2003. Crisis: The Anatomy of Two Major Foreign Policy Crises:
Based on the Record of Henry Kissinger’s Hitherto Secret Telephone
Conversations. ISBN 0-7432-4910-0
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April 12, 2012
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www.vietthuc.org
Pentagon Papers http://www.archives.gov/research/pentagon-

papers/
The Pentagon Papers, officially titled “Report of the Office of the
Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force”, was commissioned by
Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara in 1967. In June of 1971, small
portions of the report were leaked to the press and widely distributed.
However, the publications of the report that resulted from these leaks
were incomplete and suffered from many quality issues.
On the 40th anniversary of the leak to the press, the National

Archives, along with the Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon Presidential

Libraries, has released the complete report. The 48 boxes in this series
contain a complete copy of the 7,000 page report along with numerous
copies of different volumes of the report, all declassified. Approximately
34% of the report is available for the first time.
What is unique about this, compared to other versions, is that:
The complete Report is now available with no redactions compared
to previous releases The Report is presented as Leslie Gelb presented
it to then Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford on January 15, 1969
All the supplemental back-documentation is included. In the Gravel
Edition, 80% of the documents in Part V.B. were not included This
release includes the complete account of peace negotiations, significant
portions of which were not previously available either in the House
Armed Services Committee redacted copy of the Report or in the
Gravel Edition.
Files
All files in the “Title” column are in PDF format. Due to the large
file sizes, we recommend that you save them rather than try to open
them directly.Title
Index
[Part I] Vietnam and the U.S., 1940-1950
[Part II] U.S. Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1950-1954
[Part III] The Geneva Accords
[Part IV. A. 1.] Evolution of the War. NATO and SEATO: A
Comparison
[Part IV. A. 2.] Evolution of the War. Aid for France in Indochina,
1950-54
[Part IV. A. 3.] Evolution of the War. U.S. and France’s Withdrawal
from Vietnam, 1954-56
[Part IV. A. 4.] Evolution of the War. U.S. Training of Vietnamese
National Army, 1954-59
[Part IV. A. 5.] Evolution of the War. Origins of the Insurgency
826 LONG ĐIỀN

[Part IV. B. 1.] Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: The
Kennedy Commitments and Programs, 1961
[Part IV. B. 2.] Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: Strategic
Hamlet Program, 1961-63
Advisory Build-up, 1961-67
[Part IV. B. 4.] Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: Phased
Withdrawal of U.S. Forces in Vietnam, 1962-64
Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May-Nov. 1963
[Part IV. C. 1.] Evolution of the War. U.S. Programs in South
Vietnam, November 1963-April 1965: NASM 273 — NSAM 288 —
Honolulu
[Part IV. C. 2. a.] Evolution of the War. Military Pressures Against
NVN. February – June 1964
[Part IV. C. 2. b.] Evolution of the War. Military Pressures Against
NVN. July – October 1964
[Part IV. C. 2. c.] Evolution of the War. Military Pressures Against
NVN. November – December 1964
[Part IV. C. 3.] Evolution of the War. ROLLING THUNDER
Program Begins: January – June 1965
[Part IV. C. 4.] Evolution of the War. Marine Combat Units Go to
DaNang, March 1965
[Part IV. C. 5.] Evolution of the War. Phase I in the Build-up of U.S.
Forces: March – July 1965
[Part IV. C. 6. a.] Evolution of the War. U.S. Ground Strategy and
Force Deployments: 1965 – 1967. Volume I: Phase II, Program 3,
Program 4
[Part IV. C. 6. b.] Evolution of the War. U.S. Ground Strategy and
Force Deployments: 1965 – 1967. Volume II: Program 5
[Part IV. C. 6. c.] Evolution of the War. U.S. Ground Strategy and
Force Deployments: 1965 – 1967. Volume III: Program 6
[Part IV. C. 7. a.] Evolution of the War. Air War in the North: 1965
– 1968. Volume I

[Part IV. C. 7. b.] Evolution of the War. Air War in the North: 1965
– 1968. Volume II
[Part IV. C. 8.] Evolution of the War. Re-emphasis on Pacification:
1965-1967
[Part IV. C. 9. a.] Evolution of the War. U.S.-GVN Relations.
Volume 1: December 1963 – June 1965
[Part IV. C. 9. b.] Evolution of the War. U.S.-GVN Relations.
Volume 2: July 1965 – December 1967
[Part IV. C. 10.] Evolution of the War. Statistical Survey of the War,
North and South: 1965 – 1967
[Part V. A.] Justification of the War. Public Statements. Volume I: A–
The Truman Administration
[Part V. A.] Justification of the War. Public Statements. Volume I: B–
The Eisenhower Administration
[Part V. A.] Justification of the War. Public Statements. Volume I: C–
The Kennedy Administration
[Part V. A.] Justification of the War. Public Statements. Volume II:
D–The Johnson Administration
[Part V. B. 1.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The
Roosevelt Administration
[Part V. B. 2. a.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The
Truman Administration. Volume I: 1945 – 1949
[Part V. B. 2. b.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The
Truman Administration. Volume II: 1950 -1952
[Part V. B. 3. a.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The
Eisenhower Administration. Volume I: 1953
[Part V. B. 3. b.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The
Eisenhower Administration. Volume II: 1954 – Geneva
[Part V. B. 3. c.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The
Eisenhower Administration. Volume III: Geneva Accords – 15 March
1956
[Part V. B. 3. d.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The
828 LONG ĐIỀN

Eisenhower Administration. Volume IV: 1956 French Withdrawal –
1960
Kennedy Administration. Book I
Kennedy Administration. Book II
[Part VI. A.] Settlement of the Conflict. Negotiations, 1965-67: The
Public Record
[Part VI. B.] Settlement of the Conflict. Negotiations, 1965-67:
Announced Position Statements
[Part VI. C. 1.] Settlement of the Conflict. Histories of Contacts.
1965-1966
Polish Track
Moscow-London Track
1967-1968
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HENRY KISSINGER
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“ sao h͕ không ch͇t ĺ ÿi cho r͛i!...” (1)
Nhҵm giúp Bҳc ViӋt thôn tính MiӅn Nam , bҳt ÿҫu Kissinger thông
ÿӗng vӟi Cӝng sҧn nhӳng ÿiӅu kiӋn vô cùng bҩt lӧi cho VNCH, rӗi tên
Kissinger làm áp lӵc vӟi ông ThiӋu, buӝc ông ThiӋu phҧi chҩp nhұn
nhӳng ÿiӅu kiӋn nҫy. Ngày 8 tháng 5 - 1969, quan ÿiӇm chính cӫa Hoa
kǤ là ÿòi triӋt thoái quân lӵc song phѭѫng (Hoa kǤ và Bҳc ViӋt rút ra
khӓi MiӅn Nam), nhѭng ÿӃn ngày 31 tháng 5 - 1971, Kissinger tӵ ý bӓ
viӋc ÿòi hӓi Bҳc ViӋt rút quân ra khӓi MiӅn Nam, mà chӍ có Mӻ rút ÿi
thôi.
Ngày 24 tháng 10 - 1972 Kissinger hҽn gһp Phҥm văn Ĉӗng tҥi
Hà nӝi ÿӇ ký HiӋp ÿӏnh sѫ bӝ vӅ ÿình chiӃn, vӟi nhӳng bҩt lӧi vô cùng
cho VNCH, tӹ nhѭ cho Bҳc ViӋt chuyӇn quân và vӓ khí qua vùng phi
quân sӵ BӃn hҧi, tҥi MiӅn Nam quân ÿӝi Bҳc ViӋt ӣ nguyên tҥi chӛ
v.v... nhӳng ÿiӅu kiӋn nҫy do chính Cӝng sҧn soҥn thҧo và ÿã phә
biӃn sâu rӝng cho các cán bӝ hӑc tұp, mӝt bҧn cӫa tài liӋu mұt nҫy ÿã bӏ
cѫ quan tình báo VNCH bҳt ÿѭӧc cӫa ÿӏch lúc 5 giӡ chiӅu ngày 17
tháng 10 - 1972 tҥi chính ӫy tӍnh Quҧng tín. Tài liӋu nҫy mang tӵa ÿӅ là:
“chӍ dүn tәng quát vӅ ngѭng chiӃn”. Tài liӋu nҫy còn hoҥch ÿӏnh tӍ mӍ 3
giai ÿoҥn ÿҩu tranh ÿem thҳng lӧi cho Cӝng sҧn dӵa trên các ÿiӅu
khoҧn y hӋt cӫa HiӋp ÿӏnh sѫ bӝ mà Henry Kissinger sҳp ký kӃt vӟi
Phҥm văn Ĉӗng.
ĈӇ thӵc hiӋn gian kӃ ÿó, ngày 18 tháng 10 - 1972 Kissinger ÿӃn
Saigon hӕi thúc ông ThiӋu phê chuҭn bҧn dӵ thҧo HiӋp ÿӏnh sѫ bӝ nҫy
vӟi tҩt cҧ nhӳng sӵ ÿe dӑa ghê rӧn nhѭ sӁ cúp hҷn viӋn trӧ, hay ám
sát ông ta nӃu ông ta không chӏu phê chuҭn. Ông ThiӋu khôn khéo hӭa
nghiên cӭu bҧn dӵ thҧo nҫy, và tránh né không gһp Kissinger sau ÿó.
Kissinger còn trә tài là mӝt tên ma cô ma cҥo, ÿӇ mua chuӝc Hoàng
ÿӭc Nhã khuyên ông ThiӋu ký vào HiӋp ÿӏnh sѫ bӝ, Kissinger dө khӏ
nӃu Nhã giúp ÿѭӧc y sӁ ÿѭa Nhã ÿi chѫi bӡi ӣ Hollywood vӟi loҥi
“poule de luxe” ghi ÿӏa chӍ trong cuӕn sә tay màu ÿen cӫa y. Thұt dѫ
dáy bҭn thӍu cho tên “giáo sѭ lӛi lҥc ÿҥi hӑc Harvard”, tѭ cách truyӅn
thӕng Do thái côn ÿӗ ÿã bӝc lӝ trong viӋc sƭ nhөc dùng phѭѫng tiӋn
lѭu manh ÿӍ ÿiӃm chӍ cӕt ÿҥt ÿѭӧc thӓa hiӋp giúp ViӋt cӝng chiӃm mau
chóng MiӅn Nam.
ĈӃn ngày 22 tháng 10 - 1972 ông ThiӋu tӯ chӕi, không ký vào bҧn
dӵ thҧo. Kissinger hҵn hӑc, cөp ÿuôi, bӓ vӅ. Rӗi khi ÿӃn Bangkok y
còn xin tәng thӕng Nixon cho y cӭ ÿi Hà nӝi (cӕt ÿӇ giҧi tӓa vӟi hӑ
Phҥm mѭu gian ÿôi bên chѭa dàn xӃp ÿѭӧc), nhѭng ông Nixon bҧo y
vӅ Mӻ. Bӏ ký hөt HiӋp ÿӏnh sѫ bӝ, Phҥm văn Ĉӗng cay cú, tѭӣng bӏ
832 LONG ĐIỀN
Kissinger lӯa, liӅn cho phә biӃn toàn thӇ bҧn hiӋp ÿӏnh hөt nҫy trên ÿài
phát thanh Hà nӝi ngày 23 tháng 10 -1972. Nhѭ vұy rõ ràng bӑn cӝng
sҧn trong cѫn bӵc tӭc ÿã công khai tӕ cáo âm mѭu cӫa thҵng giһc Do
thái ÿã ÿӗng lӓa thӓa thuұn vӟi chúng. Âm mѭu cӫa gian tһc tҥm thӡi
chѭa thӵc hành ngay ÿѭӧc. CǊng vì vұy trong nhӳng ngày hҩp hӕi cӫa
VNCH, Kissinger mӟi thӕt ra tӵ ÿáy long “ sao h͕ không ch͇t ĺ ÿi cho
r͛i!...” (1)1 – 1973
Nhҵm giao MiӅn Nam cho cӝng sҧn ÿӇ ÿәi lҩy Ai-cұp, tên Kissinger
còn âm mѭu ÿoҥt 6 chiӃc tàu chӣ ÿҥn dѭӧt cho VNCH ngày 27 tháng
1-1973 buӝc hӑ phҧi chӣ sӕ ÿҥn nҫy ÿӃn Do thái.
ViӋn trӧ bӏ tѭӟc ÿoҥt, ÿӗng minh rút ÿi hӃt, quân dân ViӋt nam
Cӝng hòa tӵ lӵc ra sӭc bҧo vӋ tә quӕc và anh dǊng loҥi trӯ ҧnh hѭӣng
cӫa ViӋt cӝng tӯng thôn ҩp tӯ BӃn hҧi ÿӃn Cà mau; cán binh cӝng sҧn
hoàn toàn mҩt tinh thҫn nhѭ ӣ cuӝc hӑp Chӫ lӵc Trung ѭѫng tháng
4 -1973 tҥi Hà nӝi có mһt Phҥm Hùng, Mѭӡi Cúc (NguyӉn văn Linh),
Mѭӡi Khang (ÿҥi tѭӟng Hoàng văn Thái), Hai hұu (trung tѭӟng Trҫn
nam Trung), Sáu Dân (Võ văn KiӋt), Năm Công (Võ chí Công), tѭӟng
Chu huy Mân, tѭӟng Hoàng minh Thҧo ... trong cuӝc hӑp nҫy theo hӗi
ký “KӃt thúc cuӝc chiӃn tranh 30 năm” trung tѭӟng Trҫn văn Trà, tѭ
lӋnh Mһt trұn Giҧi phóng MiӅn Nam, ÿã ghi rõ:
“Tôi còn nhͣ nhi͉u câu h͗i cͯa nhi͉u ÿ͛ng chí cán b͡ ͧ các chi͇n
tr˱ͥng nêu lên: “Vͳa qua là quá trình là MͿ thua nh˱ng cǊng là quá
trình ngͭy quy͉n t͛n t̩i và m̩nh lên, c̫ v͉ chính quy͉n, v͉ quân
ÿ͡i và v͉ kinh t͇ ...” (trang 51 quyӇn 5).
Cho nên cách duy nhҩt ÿӇ yӇm trӧ Bҳc ViӋt chém giӃt ÿѭӧc MiӅn
Nam là vào tháng 6 - 1973, Kissinger lҥi làm áp lӵc ÿӇ VNCH chҩp
nhұn nӕt khoҧn Bҳc ViӋt ÿѭӧc tӵ do chuyӇn quân qua vùng phi quân
sӵ, nҵm trong thông cáo chung Mӻ - Bҳc ViӋt.
Theo mѭu lѭӧc bí mұt cӫa nhӳng phái ÿoàn quân sӵ Do thái ÿã ÿiӅu
nghiên nhiӅu lҫn tҥi chӛ tӯ 1960 ÿӃn 1971 thì Ban mê thuӝt là nhѭӧc
ÿiӇm cӫa ta, cho nên Kissinger bày kӃ riêng cho Lê ÿӭc Thӑ thi hành.
Trong quyӇn “Ĉҥi thҳng mùa xuân” ÿҥi tѭӟng Bҳc ViӋt tѭ lӋnh chiӃn
dӏch Hӗ chí Minh 1975 ÿánh chiӃm MiӅn Nam là Văn tiӃn DǊng ghi lҥi
cuӝc hӑp vào tháng 1-1975 tҥi Hà nӝi :
“ Cu͡c h͕p vͳa b̷t ÿ̯u thì ÿ͛ng chí Lê ÿͱc Th͕ b̭t ngͥ mͧ c͵a
vào và ng͛i h͕p vͣi chúng tôi. Sau chúng tôi hi͋u r̹ng B͡ Chính tr͓
chѭa thұt yên tâm vì thҩy ý ÿӏnh ÿánh Ban mê thuӝt chѭa thӇ hiӋn rõ
ràng trong kӃ hoҥch tác chiӃn, cho nên cӱ ÿӗng chí Lê ÿӭc Thӑ ÿӃn

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2003
The secret agent named BOR of the Russian KGB had infiltrated
the US government in the highest position, He was formally
identified As
Henry KISSINGER !

Henry KISSINGER was recruited by the KGB since 1950, under
the command of the Russian general Zelanznikoff. Kissinger’s
Codename was BOR. He supplied the Soviet government top secret
documents concerning all activities, programmes and decisions of the
US government.
BOR’s treason was disastrous. He, the chief of the National Security
Council and the State Secretary of Foreign Affairs, introduced more
Soviet spies into key positions in the US government. These spies
include Edward Kelly, William 0 Hall, Jesse MacKnight, James
Sutterlin, Leonard Unger, Sonnefield, Boris Klosson, and the list goes
on. They destroyed every government investigation commission.
BOR transmitted the top secret documents to Moscow through
communist intermediates: Wilfred Burchett, Vitaly Yuvgenyevich,
etc...
BOR stopped the publication of an important article of Newsweek,
dated 8-25, 1975 concerning activities of the KGB in the United States.
( Henry Kissinger was Secretary of States. )
BOR delivered South Viet-nam to the communists in 1975,
camouflaged his traitorous acts by blaming a defeat of America, thus
stabbing in the back American and Vietnamese soldiers and peoples.
BOR collaborated with his accomplice, Boris Klosson, in the
American delegation of the SALT 1 Treaty in Moscow, and to repatriate
in Dallas the killer Lee Harvey Oswald, who was instructed by the
KGB under two years of intensive training, who later was used as a
scapegoat in the assassination of the president John F. Kennedy.
To protect Kissinger’s anonymity, the organization of assassins
developed a complex plot with the complicity of the directorships
of the FBI, the CIA, the Naval Medical Center of Virginia and other
professional killers.
Henry Kissinger and his accomplices are extremely bloodthirsty and
dangerous.
The United States has greeted numerous vipers of this nature
(sanguinary and poison users) in their country. The criminals can
be found in media services (television, news-paper, investigation
services...) in analysing laboratories, in the CIA, in the FBI, in poison
factories in Washington DC, and many other forms. The target of these
poisonings is to kill the nationalists (enemies of traitors inside the CIA),
and also to destroy the health (then enterprises, then incomes) of US
838 LONG ĐIỀN
and Canadian citizens and immigrant communities, so as to hinder them
to sponsor their family to get North America. And traitorous officials
inside US and Canadian immigration ministries hurry and favour the
dossiers of the guilty community and they delay every one of others
communities.
+ The Curious Case of Henry Kissinger
Amazon.ca: Henry Kissinger: Soviet Agent: Books

Charlotte Iserbyt -- Kissinger Out Of The Closet
eBay: Henry Kissinger: Soviet Agent by Frank A. Capell (item ...
Find in a Library: Henry Kissinger, Soviet agent | English Book ...
The Welch Report
Kissinger - The Book by Gary Allen
Kissinger’s Public Confession as an Agent of British InfluenceKissinger:
Fox to Guard Chicken Coop (Dec 5, 2002)
It’s urgent to destroy

these CIA’s poison factories.
The assassins hire out accomplices who are in the postal service,
telecommunication (receptionists, operators), public services, security
services, the police, customs and other government officials. These
accomplices work at the cost of both the Canadian and American
governments.
Actually, the US government spends 3 billions per year of its income
tax to pay its own assassins and traitors. Today North America is an
ulcer, caused by the traitorous HIV of Acquired Immunity Deficient
Syndrome, in its final stages.
”Kissinger and his accomplices have debased Israel. In this nation
however, it must be noted that there are also other peaceful persons and
non criminals as well.”
N. H. Bui
7jLOLӋXJLҧLPұW%\$VVRFLDWHG3UHVV7KXUVGD\6HSWHPEHU
30, 2010
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The North Vietnamese Surrender.
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http://www.youtube. com/watch? v=hwvXyzo7MjM

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(Henry Kissinger)
840 LONG ĐIỀN

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842 LONG ĐIỀN

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2010
EVIDENCE of TREACHERY
Photo: World Economic

Forum
By
Thursday, September 30, 2010
Updated 2 days ago
WASHINGTON —
Top of Form
WASHINGTON — Henry
Kissinger, who helped steer
Vietnam policy during the war’s
darkest years, said Wednesday
he is convinced that “most of
what went wrong in Vietnam we did to ourselves” — beginning
with underestimating the tenacity of North Vietnamese leaders.
Offering a somber assessment of the conflict, which ended in 1975
with the humiliating fall of Saigon, Kissinger lamented the anguish that
engulfed a generation of Americans as the war dragged on.
And he said the core problem for the U.S. was that its central
objective of preserving an independent, viable South Vietnamese state
was unachievable — and that the U.S. adversary was unbending.
“America wanted compromise,” he said. “Hanoi wanted victory.”
Kissinger spoke at a State Department conference on the history
of U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia. The department in recent
months has published a series of reports, based on newly declassified
documents, covering U.S. decision-making on Vietnam in the final
years of the war.
Kissinger was national security adviser and secretary of state under
President Richard M. Nixon and continued in the role of chief diplomat
during the administration of President Gerald R. Ford.
In introducing Kissinger, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton
ӄ
844 LONG ĐIỀN
— who opposed the war as a college student and has written that she
held contradictory feelings about expressing her opposition — spoke
in broad terms about how the conflict influenced her generation’s view
of the world.
“Like everyone in those days, I had friends who enlisted — male
friends who enlisted — were drafted, resisted, or became conscientious
objectors; many long, painful, anguished conversations,” she said.
“And yet, the lessons of that era continue to inform the decisions we
make.”
Kissinger offered a more personal, extensive assessment of the war
that killed more than 58,000 U.S. servicemen.
He said he regretted that what should have been straightforward
disagreements over the U.S. approach to Vietnam became “transmuted
into a moral issue — first about the moral adequacy of American foreign
policy altogether and then into the moral adequacy of America.”
“To me, the tragedy of the Vietnam war was not that there were
disagreements — that was inevitable, given the complexity of the
(conflict) — but that the faith of Americans in each other became
destroyed in the process,” he said.
He called himself “absolutely unreconstructed” on that point.
“I believe that most of what went wrong in Vietnam we did to
ourselves,” he said, adding, “I would have preferred another outcome
— at least another outcome that was not so intimately related to the
way that we tore ourselves apart.”
In hindsight, Kissinger said, it is clear just how steadfast the North
Vietnamese communists were in their goal of unification of the North
and the South, having defeated their French colonial rulers in 1954.
Historians are coming to the same conclusion.
In his account of the conflict, “Vietnam: The History of an
Unwinnable War, 1945-1975,” military historian John Prados wrote,
“The (North) had a well-defined goal — reunification of the country —
and an absolute belief in its cause.”
Kissinger credited his North Vietnamese adversary in the peace
negotiations — Le Duc Tho — with skillfully and faithfully carrying
out his government’s instructions to outmaneuver the Americans.

“He operated on us like a surgeon with a scalpel — with enormous
skill,” Kissinger said.
Washington and Hanoi signed a peace accord in January 1973, and
Kissinger and Tho were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace prize that
year for their role in the negotiation. Tho declined the award.
The peace accords provided a way out of Vietnam for the U.S., but
it left South Vietnam vulnerable to a communist takeover.
“We knew it was a precarious agreement,” Kissinger said, and that
the conflict was not really over. But Washington also was convinced
that the South Vietnamese could hold off the communists, barring an
all-out invasion.
Kissinger joked that his long negotiating sessions with Tho took a
heavy and lasting toll.
“I would look a lot better if I had never met him,” he said.
A flavor of the negotiating difficulties is revealed in a newly
declassified transcript of a meeting between Kissinger and Tho
in Paris on May 21, 1973, in which they discussed problems
implementing the peace accords.
“We have been meeting for only 45 minutes and already you have
totally confused us,” Kissinger told Tho.
To which Tho replied: “No, you are not confused yourself. You
make the problem confused.”
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vietnam-09-30-2010-104077063.html
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© 2006 Radio Free Asia
-http://kbc4100.com/vnch.htm 4XkQ/ӵF9LӋW1DP&ӝQJ+zD
1968-1975
RVNAF,968-1975 http://tudovis.com/vis forums/forum13/10063.html
%ҧQ WLӃQJ $QK %LOO /DXULH 591$) WKH 5HSXEOLF RI 9LHW 1DP
Armed Forces, underwent a significant change, both qualitatively and
quantitatively, between 1968 and 1975. It was a change that went unnoticed
by the news media and remains generally unknown to the American
public, and is inadequately identified and described in many would-be
“history” books, in part because the nature and extent of change could
not readily be foreseen or predicted based on RVNAF performance and
capabilities up to 1968. None of this is to deny serious problems
existed, or that corruption and poor leadership did not continue to
plague RVNAF’s ability to defend the Republic of Viet Nam, yet to a
degree these problems were being addressed and the positive aspects of

RVNAF cannot be excluded from honest history........... ~
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-http://www.vnafmamn.com/VNWar_atrocities.html BIASED
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The color photos above were taken (about a week after the Dak Son
attack) by John Felt who was at Song Be the night the massacre took
place. Song Be MACV compound was located at Phuoc Long province
(Phuoc Binh HQ), about 2.5 kilometers South of Dak Son.
John Felt was attached to the 44th US Signal Battalion and left VN
on February 28, 1967. Thank you for sharing with us the documental
pictures and for dedicated service in Vietnam.
THE MY CANH RESTAURANT BOMBING

Forty eight (48) are killed as Terrorists Bomb Saigon Restaurant- 18
878 LONG ĐIỀN
Americans Among Dead - 100 Wounded.
Terrorist bombs shattered a floating restaurant on the Saigon
river here tonight and killed at least 29 persons, including eight
Americans....
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8-Mark Moyar:
Mark Moyar (1971- )
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Mark Moyar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mark Moyar (born 1971) is a historian and professor at the
Marine Corps University where he holds the Kim T. Adamson Chair of
Insurgency and Terrorism, known for his writing on the Vietnam War.
Moyar is a self-proclaimed revisionist.
Moyar holds a B.A. summa cum laude in history from Harvard
University and a Ph.D. in history from Cambridge University. His
articles on historical and current events have appeared in the New York
Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post.
Moyar is the author of the 2006 book Triumph Forsaken: The
Vietnam War, 1954–1965, a history that is considered revisionist by
mainstream American historians. In it he argues that Ngo Dinh Diem
was a very wise and effective leader. Moyar states that supporting the
November 1963 coup was one of the worst American mistakes of the
war. The other biggest mistakes according to Moyar were: the failure
to cut the Ho Chi Minh trail, and the United States Congress’ refusal to
support the South Vietnamese government after the 1973 Paris Peace
Accords were violated, and the refusal of emergency aid to South
Vietnam near the end of the war.
Books
Phoenix and the Birds of Prey: The CIA’s Secret Campaign to
Destroy the Viet Cong (1997) ISBN 1557505934
Republished in 2007 as Phoenix and the Birds of Prey:
Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism in Vietnam with a foreword
by Harry Summers and a new preface and chapter; ISBN 0803216025
Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 (2006) ISBN
0521869110
884 LONG ĐIỀN

A Question of Command: Counterinsurgency from the Civil War to
Iraq (2009) ISBN 0300152760
External links
Book website
Interview on A Question of Command at the Pritzker Military
Library
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-
MARK MOYAR 28/4/2010 .

http://www.vietbao.com/?ppid=45&pid=114&nid=158655
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886 LONG ĐIỀN

sӵ thӕi-nát và tham-nhǊng ÿang lan tràn trong hàng-ngǊ quân-ÿӝi
quӕc-gia. Nhӡ vұy mà Cӝng-sҧn Trung-Hoa toàn thҳng vào năm 1949.
Dù ÿã biӃt có phҧi giӃt hҥi hàng chөc triӋu mҥng ngѭӡi ÿi nӳa,
nhѭng Mao cǊng nhҩt-ÿӏnh ÿi theo bѭӟc chân cӫa Stalin, là bành-
trѭӟng Chӫ-Nghƭa Cӝng-Sҧn ÿӃn khҳp nѫi trên thӃ-giӟi. Cho nên
sau khi cӫng-cӕ ÿѭӧc quyӅn-lӵc tҥi Trung-quӕc Mao liӅn gӣi viӋn-
trӧ quân-sӵ và cӕ-vҩn ÿӃn các ÿҧng Cӝng-sҧn Á-Châu, trong ÿó
có ÿҧng Cӝng-sҧn ViӋt-Nam do Hӗ-Chí-Minh lãnh-ÿҥo. Bҳt ÿҫu
tӯ năm 1946, ÿҧng Cӝng-sҧn ViӋt-Nam phát-ÿӝng cuӝc chiӃn-tranh
chӕng Pháp.
Có rҩt nhiӅu sӱ-liӋu cӫa Tây-phѭѫng cho rҵng Hӗ-Chí-Minh quҧ
thӵc là mӝt ngѭӡi quӕc-gia chân-chính, lúc nào cǊng ÿһt quyӅn-lӧi cӫa
dân tӝc lên trên hӃt. Hӑ phӫ-nhұn quan-ÿiӇm cӫa các nhà lãnh-ÿҥo Tây-
phѭѫng cáo buӝc Hӗ-Chí-Minh là mӝt phҫn-tӱ cӫa Tә-chӭc Quӕc
TӃ Cӝng-sҧn. Các sӱ-gia này tin rҵng nӃu Hoa-KǤ ÿã thӓa-mãn
yêu-cҫu cӫa Hӗ-Chí-Minh, cho Ông ta lên nҳm quyӅn cai-trӏ ViӋt-
Nam thì Hӗ-Chí-Minh chҳc ÿã trӣ thành mӝt Tito cӫa Á-Châu rӗi
và chҳc hҷn Ông ta ÿã không hӧp tác vӟi Trung-cӝng và Liên-
bang Xô-viӃt.
Luұn-ÿiӋu này cӫa các sӱ-gia Tây-phѭѫng thұt ra xuҩt-phát tӯ chính
miӋng lѭӥi cӫa Hӗ-Chí-Minh.
Ông Hӗ lúc nào cǊng lӟn tiӃng cho rҵng mình và các ÿӗng-
chí cӫa Ông ta ÿӅu là nhӳng ngѭӡi quӕc-gia chӭ không phҧi là
cӝng-sҧn. Tuy nhiên khi ÿiӅu-tra mӝt cách tӍ-mӍ hѫn thì mӟi biӃt
rõ ràng là nhӳng lӡi tuyên bӕ này cӫa Hӗ-Chí-Minh ÿӅu là nhӳng
lӡi tuyên-truyӅn lӯa bӏp nhҵm mөc-ÿích dө-dӛ nhӳng ngѭӡi ViӋt
yêu-nѭӟc, nhѭng lҥi “rҩt-dӉ-tin”, gia-nhұp vào hàng ngǊ cӫa mình
ÿӗng thӡi ngăn-ngӯa nhӳng phҧn ӭng bҩt lӧi mà Hoa-KǤ có thӇ gây
ra cho tә-chӭc cӫa mình. Rҩt tiӃc là ÿã có rҩt nhiӅu trí-thӭc,ViӋt có,
Mӻ có, tin vào nhӳng lӡi lӯa bӏp này cӫa Hӗ-Chí-Minh, mà không hӅ
có mӝt thҳc mҳc nhӓ nào.
Hӗ-Chí-Minh và nhӳng cán-bӝ trong tә-chӭc cӫa Ông ta lúc nào
cǊng là cӝng-sҧn. Vì hӑ luôn luôn tin-tѭӣng triӋt-ÿӇ rҵng công-cuӝc
“Cách-mҥng cӫa Quӕc-tӃ Cӝng-sҧn” phҧi ÿӭng trѭӟc mӑi quyӅn-
lӧi cӫa quӕc-gia dân-tӝc. NiӅm tin này ÿã ÿѭӧc nhҳc ÿi nhҳc lҥi trong
sách vӣ, trong các bài diӉn văn, và ngay cҧ trong hành-ÿӝng cӫa Ông
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9-Stephen Young:
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10- William Westmoreland:
William Childs Westmoreland

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Bronze Star (2)
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William Childs Westmoreland (26 tháng 3, 1914 – 18 tháng 7,

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William C. Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports, Garden City, N.Y.:
Doubleday, 1976.
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http://www.voanews.com/vietnamese/news/a-19-2005-07-22-
voa13-81605422.html?moddate=2005-07-22
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ViӋt cӝng, ÿѭa ra ngày 1 tháng 2, kêu gӑi tiӃp tөc tҩn công, ÿӏch ÿã thӯa
nhұn thҩt bҥi.
“Chúng ta ÿã không chiӃm ÿѭӧc các mөc tiêu chӫ yӃu và hoàn toàn
tiêu diӋt các ÿѫn vӏ cѫ ÿӝng và phòng thӫ cӫa ÿӏch. Chúng ta cǊng không
giӳ ÿѭӧc các, vùng ÿã chiӃm ÿѭӧc. Trên mһt trұn chính trӏ, chúng ta
ÿã không tnúc ÿay ÿѭӧc nhân dân nәi dұy và ÿұp tan ách kӅm kҽp
cӫa ÿӏch”.
Nhѭng dù quân ÿӝi Nam ViӋt Nam ÿã giành ÿѭӧc thҳng lӧi ÿáng
chú ý, ÿӕi vӟi chính phӫ, vүn còn phҧi gác thҳng lӧi ÿó lҥi ÿã. Cuӝc tҩn
công ÿã làm gián ÿoҥn chѭѫng trình bình ÿӏnh ӣ nông thôn và các cuӝc
chiӃn ÿҩu ÿã ÿҿ ra 600.000 ngѭӡi tӏ nҥn mӟi. NӃu chính phӫ không làm
sӕng lҥi công tác bình ÿӏnh và bӓ mһc ngѭӡi tӏ nҥn thì hұu quҧ nghiêm
trӑng tҩt yӃu phҧi có.
ChiӃn tranh ÿã ÿҭy lùi ÿӝi bình ÿӏnh vӅ các thành phӕ và thӏ xã.
Nhѭng vì nhӳng nӛ lӵc tiӃp tөc cӫa ÿӏch chӍ là nhӳng gӧn sóng so vӟi
cuӝc tҩn công TӃt và cǊng vì Komer và các ÿҥi diӋn cӫa ông ӣ chiӃn
trѭӡng tiӃp tөc duy trì sӭc ép nên các ÿӝi ÿó dҫn dҫn trӣ lҥi nhiӋm sӣ.
Rút cөc thiӋt hҥi do cuӝc tҩn công cӫa ÿӏch gây ra cho công tác bình ÿӏnh
không rӝng lӟn nhѭ mӭc ngѭӡi ta ѭӟc tính lúc ÿҫu. Trong thӵc tӃ, viӋc
xuҩt hiӋn nhiӅu tә chӭc chính trӏ cѫ sӣ hҥ tҫng cӫa ViӋt,cӝng trong
cuӝc tҩn công ÿӇ chӡ ÿӧi mӝt cuӝc nәi dұy cӫa nhân dân ve lâu dài
có nghƭa là công tác bình ÿӏnh ÿã bӏ bӓ lӓng.
Hѫn nӳa vҩn ÿӅ tӏ nҥn là nhӳng nhân tә cӫa mӝt cuӝc khӫng hoҧng
thұt sӵ. Chính phӫ tӯ tәng thӕng ThiӋu ÿӃn các bӝ tӓ ra choáng váng.
Tҥi cuӝc hӑp cӫa bӝ tham mѭu cӫa tôi ngay vào ngày cuӕi cùng ÿӏch
bӏ triӋt ra khӓi Sài Gòn, tôi có nói chúng ta phҧi làm cho công tác theo
cách ngѭӡi Mӻ ÿã làm khi gһp phҧi mӝt thiên tai, mӝt trұn ÿӝng ÿҩt
hay mӝt trұn lөt, chúng ta phҧi thuyӃt phөc tәng thӕng và các bӝ trong
chính phӫ là hӑ phҧi làm viӋc suӕt ngày ÿêm.
Nhѭng làm thӃ nào ÿây? Nhìn quanh phòng, tôi chú ý tӟi George
Foraythe. Nhӟ lҥi trong mӝt công tác ÿuӧc giao trѭӟc ÿây, tѭӟng
Foraythe ÿã làm quen ÿѭӧc vӟi Tәng thӕng ThiӋu và nhӳng ngѭӡi
khác trong chính phӫ; tôi bèn thành lұp lӵc lѭӧng ÿһc biӋt dѭӟi quyӅn
Foraythe ÿӇ cӝng tác chһt chӁ vӟi ngѭӡi ViӋt Nam. Ĉҥi sӭ Bunker
ÿã ngӓ ý cùng t ôi gһp tәng thӕng ThiӋu vӅ kӃ hoҥch này. Bob
Komer sӁ chӏu trách nhiӋm giám sát kӃ hoҥch này.
ThiӋu tӓ ra rҩt hiӇu vҩn ÿӅ này. Ông ÿã dành cho tѭӟng Foraythe
mӝt văn phòng trong dinh Ĉӝc Lұp – do mӝt ngѭӡi Mӻ cҫm ÿҫu – cùng
cӝng tác vӟi mӝt ngѭӡi trong bӝ bình ÿӏnh và giao cho phó tәng thӕng
922 LONG ĐIỀN

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Childs Westmoreland.
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Good bye General Westmoreland
According to the press on July 18th, 2005, General Williams
Childs Westmoreland, Former Commanding General of Allied Forces
in Vietnam has passed away in natural cause, in South Carolina, at the
age 91.
During the critical situation of the war in Vietnam, General
Westmoreland has been assigned to a position of Commanding General
of Allied Forces. At that time with a great effort, he had a strong decision
to solve the war within a short period. Somehow, his plans have been
blocked by a political decision from Washington, D.C. Later on, he
has been transferred back to the States with his last position as Chief of
Joint General Chief of Staff before he retired.
For his point of view about the Vietnam War, General Westmoreland
always said: “We are not losing in Vietnam, but we never kept our
promises with our ally, the Army Republic of Vietnam.”
During the celebration to memorize the ARVN’s day in New
Orleans in 1987, he said upfront of thousand American and Vietnamese
veterans: “On behalf of the United States Armed Forces, I would like
to apologize to the veterans of the South Vietnamese Armed Forces
for abandoning you guys”. Thousand South Vietnamese and American
veterans were crying of his sincere apologize in the Auditorium
Convention Center. During the ceremony we gave him a full military
salutation to appreciate and give high respect to a former General who
was a former ally of the ARVN until its last minute.
Summer 1987, represented the Association of the former ARVN’s
Soldiers overseas, we organized the Day in New Orleans, in the
remembrance of ARVN. We invited the honorable lady Westmoreland
and the General, and a number
of Vietnamese and American
generals. Some of them have
accepted the invitation, and
some of them could not join
us. The presence of General
Westmoreland during the
ceremony has been cited as his
admiration to the Spirit of Fighting
of ARVN Forces during the war.
From the friendly conversation
with him and his lovely wife,
General Westmoreland has also
expressed about his opposition
to the Political Strategy of the
American Government. He also
expressed deep emotions about the death in South Vietnam in April
1975 with a high emotional. He reminisced the old time during his
service in Vietnam.
In the mid of 1990, he strongly rejected the invite from an American
TV corporate to come to Vietnam to discuss about the Vietnam War
with the former Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and two former
Communist Generals whom are Vo Nguyen Giap and Van Tien Dung.
The main reason was General Westmoreland did not want to betray his
former alley.
We are very sorry of the loss of the General. We met a number
of times with General and Mrs. “Kristy”. We always respect his
934 LONG ĐIỀN
personality, his loyalty and his morality. General Westmoreland was a
sincere and open mind person. We were privileged to attend to his 80th
birthday in 1994, and to meet him again at Long Beach, California,
General Westmoreland was always excited to meet with the former
ARVN’s soldiers.
Based on the family wish, the funeral of General Westmoreland
will be held with a full military ceremony on Monday the 25th of July,
2005 at West Point Military Academy, the place where he started his
military career, and will lay rest in peace in the same place next to some
famous American Generals as Formal Marshall Mac Arthur, former
General Patton, etc.
For him the war was over, a career has gone, and another page of
history has turn over with a lot of souvenirs of the past or after the
war time. The Republic of Vietnam has lost a good companion, a free
warrior, and a loyal ally.
We were so sorry for the loss of General Williams Child
Westmoreland. May God bless his soul, and rest in peace with others free
warriors who left before. We expect that the Vietnamese Community
of Overseas will never forget our loyal friend, a courageous soldier
never been afraid of any political pressures, although a warrior of the
free world always stays side by side with the Republic of Vietnam.
Translated by Trung Pham
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“ngài” Mc Namara.
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Paul Vanuxem :
http://baovecovang.wordpress.com/2009/04/18/
vnch-b%e1%bb%8b-b%e1%bb%a9c-t%e1%bb%ad-
ph%e1%bb%a5-b%e1%ba%a3n-d%e1%ba%b7c-
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944 LONG ĐIỀN

cǊng là chuyӋn nӝi bӝ cӫa mӝt quӕc gia xa lҥ, chúng ta lҩy quyӅn gì ÿӇ
“xía vào” ÿӇ rӗi phҧi gánh lҩy tӝi vҥ lây?
Mһc kӋ! ChӃ ÿӝ nào cǊng vұy thôi! ChӍ có nhӳng sӵ thұt là ÿáng
kӇ, nӃu xét trên khía cҥnh chánh trӏ. Chúng ta chҷng có gì cҫn phҧi thҳc
mҳc ÿӇ tӵ ÿһt ra cho mình nhӳng câu hӓi vӅ mӝt sӵ viӋc mà nó chӍ có
ÿem lҥi phiӅn não cho lѭѫng tâm cӫa chúng ta mà thôi.
Dù sao thì ngѭӡi ta cǊng cho ÿó là mӝt nӅn hòa bình, mӝt nӅn hòa
bình mà Ĉӭc Thánh Cha cǊng ÿã khen ngӧi... nhѭng có mӝt ÿiӅu mà ai
cǊng tò mò muӕn biӃt, ÿó là sau Lê Ĉӭc Thӑ và Kissenger (giҧi Nobel
vӅ Hòa Bình năm 1954), ai là ngѭӡi sӁ ÿѭӧc giҧi thѭӣng Nobel vӅ hòa
bình (1975) ÿây ???
Tuy nhiên xuyên qua cái tang mà chúng ta phҧi chӏu vӅ cái chӃt cӫa
mӝt quӕc gia bҥn, mӝt quӕc gia coi nhѭ có hӑ hàng gҫn vӟi nѭӟc Pháp,
mӝt quӕc gia mà ngѭӡi dân chӍ mong cҫu có ÿѭӧc sӵ tӵ do mà thôi, vүn
còn mӝt vài ÿiӅu mà vì quyӅn lӧi cӫa ngѭӡi Pháp, chúng ta cҫn phҧi rút ra
nhӳng bài hӑc tӯ biӃn cӕ bi thҧm nҫy, vì có rҩt nhiӅu nguyên nhân
ÿӫ loҥi ÿã ÿѭa mӝt dân tӝc ÿӃn chӛ tuyӋt vӑng ÿӇ tӯ ÿó phҧi tӵ hӫy
mình sau mӝt cѫn hҩp hӕi thұt ngҳn, nhѭng thұt kinh khӫng. Vì, nӃu
hҵng ngày vүn có tӯ 15 ÿӃn 20 vө tӵ tӱ, cá nhѫn có tұp thӇ có, chӍ nӝi
trong mӝt thành phӕ lӟn và ÿҽp nhѭ Sài Gòn mà ngѭӡi ta gӑi là “ÿã ÿѭӧc
giҧi phóng”, thì phҧi chăng ÿây là cҧ mӝt quӕc gia, cҧ mӝt dân tӝc ÿang
thұt sӵ lao mình vào cái chӃt...(tӯ trang 1-7).
....Thұt vұy, ngѭӡi ta chӍ cҫn ÿӑc tӡ “Le Courrier Du Viêt Nam”,
(tӡ báo Cӝng Sҧn in thì in tҥi Hà Nӝi, nhѭng phát hành thì nói là in tҥi
Paris, phát ra rҩt nhiӅu và cùng khҳp nѭӟc Pháp), ngѭӡi ta sӁ biӃt diӉn
tiӃn cӫa cái mà ngѭӡi ta gӑi là “giҧi phóng Sài Gòn” nhѭ sau :
“Giҧi-phóng-quân chúng tôi tiӃn vào trung tâm thành phӕ Sài Gòn
giӳa nhӳng rӯng “cӡ và tiӃng hoan hô vang dұy cӫa hҵng trăm hҵng
trăm ngàn ÿӗng bào (..?..). Tӯ “hai bên ÿѭӡng, tӯ nhӳng ÿҥi lӝ, trên
nhiӅu, nhiӅu cây sӕ, ÿӗng bào tràn ra hoan hô “chào ÿón ÿoàn quân giҧi
phóng chúng tôi (.?..). Phӕi hӧp hành ÿӝng vӟi lӵc lѭӧng “cӫa giҧi-
phóng-quân, dân chúng Sài Gòn ÿã nәi dұy (..?..) trong tҩt cҧ các khu
“phӕ, tiӃp tөc truyӅn thӕng ÿҩu tranh lâu ÿӡi xӭng ÿáng ÿѭӧc mang tên
“Hӗ chí Minh”. Sài Gòn ÿã ÿѭӧc giҧi phóng. Ĉó là mӝt món quà rҩt
ÿҽp ÿѭӧc kính dâng lên “cho vӏ lãnh tө kính mӃn vào ÿúng ngày sinh
thӭ 85 cӫa Ngѭӡi. Cuӝc xăm lăng cӫa “ÿӃ quӕc Mӻ ÿã bҳt ÿҫu tӯ thành
phӕ Sài Gòn, Sài Gòn ÿã ÿi ÿҫu trong cuӝc chiӃn, “và Sài Gòn là nѫi ÿã
diӉn ra trұn ÿánh vinh quang cuӕi cùng cӫa cuӝc chiӃn, mӝt “trұn chiӃn
thҳng cuӕi cùng...”

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950 LONG ĐIỀN

tay ngѭӡi ViӋt Nam (hay sinh mҥng ngѭӡi ViӋt Nam cǊng thӃ) và ngay
trên lãnh thә ViӋt Nam, ÿӇ so tài hѫn thua cao thҩp vӟi nhau, ngăn chһn
nhau không cho bên nào bành trѭӟng thêm ra hѫn nӳa, vì hai bên không
thӇ trӵc tiӃp ÿӕi ÿҫu vӟi nhau ÿѭӧc, tránh bӏ tәn thҩt nһng có thӇ ÿi ÿӃn
chӛ tiêu diӋt lҭn nhau. Có ÿiӅu là cҧ hai bên ÿӅu nuôi dѭӥng mӝt mӕi
thù hҵn mà nguyên nhѫn không phҧi xuҩt phát tӯ nѭӟc ViӋt Nam vì
nѭӟc ViӋt Nam không có gì ÿӇ hӑ thiӃt tha quan tâm ÿӃn.
HOA Kǣ THÌ “NGĂN CHҺN”
KHӔI CӜNG SҦN THÌ “XÂM CHIӂM, BÀNH TRѬӞNG”
Ngѭӡi ta có thӇ thҩy ÿѭӧc rҩt rõ là Nga và Trung Quӕc vүn không
bao giӡ che dҩu tham vӑng xâm chiӃm toàn cҫu cӫa hӑ theo ÿúng hѭӟng
chiӃn lѭӧc ÿã hoҥch ÿӏnh tӯ trѭӟc, rҩt rõ ràng, và nӃu Hoa Thӏnh Ĉӕn
chӍ bo bo theo sách lѭӧc “tҥo uy tín và bành trѭӟng kinh tӃ” thì chiӃn
lѭӧc ÿó cӫa Hoa KǤ hoàn toàn nҵm trong thӃ thӫ, bӏ ÿӝng.
Ĉһc biӋt là ӣ Á Châu, Hoa kǤ nhҩt nhҩt theo thuyӃt “ngăn chһn”
các bѭӟc tiӃn cӫa cӝng sҧn. Do vұy mà trên mҧnh ÿҩt ÿҫy hình ҧnh
ÿau thѭѫng và tàn khӕc cӫa cuӝc chiӃn, ngѭӡi ta ÿã “ÿóng khuôn” cho
MiӅn Nam ViӋt Nam trong nhiӋm vө phòng thӫ thө ÿӝng, và các ÿӗng
minh lӟn cӫa hӑ không bao giӡ muӕn cho hӑ ÿi ra ngoài khuôn khә
nhiӋm vө ÿó, trong khi bӝ ÿӝi Bҳc ViӋt thì ÿѭӧc tung ra trên khҳp cҧ 3
nѭӟc Ĉông Dѭѫng, tӯ Lào, Cam Bӕt ÿӃn MiӅn Nam ViӋt Nam, ҭn hình
dѭӟi danh nghƭa cӫa lӵc lѭӧng cách mҥng Pathet Lào, Khmer ÿӓ, và
ViӋt Cӝng, ÿӇ rӗi cuӕi cùng hӑ cǊng phҧi bӓ cái mһt nҥ cӫa hӑ ra, hiӋn
“nguyên hình” là quân xăm lăng Bҳc ViӋt, là kҿ chiӃn thҳng, ÿӇ tiӃn
vào Sài Gòn.
Tuy trұn tҩn công vào tӍnh lӷ Phѭӟc Long vào tháng 1/75 cӫa bӝ
ÿӝi Bҳc ViӋt là mӝt cuӝc tҩn công có giӟi hҥn (mà phía Quân Lӵc ViӋt
Nam Cӝng Hòa mӝt phҫn vì sӧ bӏ nhӱ vào bүy có thӇ bӏ hao quân và
mҩt thêm chiӃn cө, mӝt phҫn cǊng không có ÿӫ lӵc lѭӧng ÿӇ ÿӕi phó
ÿѭӧc vӟi mӝt loҥi tҩn công qui mô nhѭ vұy, nên không có phҧn ӭng
ÿӕi kháng mҥnh), nhѭng Hà Nӝi cǊng thu lѭӧm ÿѭӧc quá ÿӫ bҵng cӟ
ÿӇ chӭng minh vӟi nhӳng ai còn chút nghi ngӡ, là “Hoa KǤ không
còn can thiӋp vào chiӃn cuӝc nӳa”. Và nhѭ vұy là Bҳc ViӋt cho tiӃn
hành ngay cuӝc tәng tҩn công mùa xuân vӟi ÿҫy ÿӫ bҧo ÿãm, trong mӝt
sӵ an toàn tuyӋt ÿӕi.
Rõ ràng là Hoa KǤ ÿã khuyӃn khích Bҳc ViӋt bҵng thái ÿӝ im lһng
và quá thө ÿӝng cӫa hӑ sau vө tҩn công quan trӑng nói trên, vi phҥm
rҩt nһng và rҩt trҳng trӧn “HiӋp Ĉӏnh Paris 1973 VӅ Ngӯng Bҳn Và Tái
Lұp Hòa Bình Ӣ ViӋt Nam “.

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bҵng viӋn trӧ cӫa Hoa KǤ trѭӟc ÿây.
Bҩy nhiêu ÿó cǊng ÿӫ nuôi dѭӥng tҥm thӡi chánh phӫ Dѭѫng văn
Minh Trҫn văn Trà, ÿӇ rӗi ngѭӡi quӕc gia tranh thӫ vӟi cӝng sҧn duy
trì mӝt MiӅn Nam không nhuӝm ÿӓ màu cӡ.
Ĉҥi tѭӟng Dѭѫng văn Minh không nói chi nhiӅu, ông lҳng nghe
tôi trình bày cһn kҿ tӯng kӃ hoҥch, và nói ông sҷn sàng thӵc hiӋn theo
quan ÿiӇm cӫa chúng tôi. Ông chӍ nêu mӝt câu hӓi duy nhҩt:
- “Dѭӟi hình thӭc nào tôi thay thӃ cө Trҫn văn Hѭѫng ÿӇ thành lұp
nӝi các ÿӇ thѭѫng thuyӃt vӟi phía bên kia?”
- “Thѭa Ĉҥi tѭӟng, cө Trҫn văn Hѭѫng hôm qua vӯa thҧo luұn vӟi
chúng tôi là sӁ trao quyӅn chánh phӫ ViӋt Nam Cӝn,g Hòa lҥi cho
Ĉҥi tѭӟng, nӃu Ĉҥi tѭӟng có mӝt kӃ hoҥch không ÿӇ mҩt Sài Gòn
.” Sӵ thӵc tӯ lúc ôn,g ThiӋu tuyên bӕ tӯ chӭc, ông Minh ÿã nhiӅu
lҫn thúc hӕi chúng tôi tiӃn dүn ông nҳm chánh quyӅn ngay lúc ҩy.
Chúng tôi chѭa nhұn lӡi yêu cҫu nҫy. Chúng tôi chѭa nhұn lӡi yêu cҫu
ÿó vì chѭa tiӃp xúc ÿѭӧc vӟi thành phҫn MTGPMN. Hѫn nӳa ông
Minh ra lãnh ÿҥo guӗng máy quӕc gia không mang ÿiӅu mà thӃ giӟi
mong ÿӧi sau khi Hoa KǤ rút ÿi. Khi chúng tôi giӟi thiӋu tѭӟng Minh
sӁ là nhân vұt cho ván bài trung lұp cӫa Pháp tҥi ViӋt Nam thì cө Trҫn
văn Hѭѫng sӱng sӕt và tӓ vҿ phiӅn trách: “Nѭӟc Pháp luôn luôn bҿ
nho trái mùa! Tѭӣng chӑn ai chӟ chӑn Dѭѫng văn Minh, nó là hӑc
trò tôi, tôi biӃt nó quá mà. Nó không phҧi là hҥng ngѭӡi dùng trong
lúc dҫu sôi lӱa bӓng... Tôi sӁ trao quyӅn lҥi cho nó nhѭng nó phҧi
hӭa là ÿӯng ÿӇ Sài Gòn thua cӝng sҧn .” Có,sӵ hiӋn diӋn cӫa ông
Trҫn chánh Thành là ngѭӡi rҩt am tѭӡng thӵc chat cӝng sҧn, chúng
tôi giҧi thích vӟi cө là Bҳc ViӋt rҩt sӧ MTGPMN ÿoҥt phҫn chiӃn
thҳng, công khai ra mһt nҳm chánh quyӅn. Chúng ta nên nҳm ngay
nhѭӧc ÿiӇm cӫa hӑ mà xoay chuyӇn tình thӃ. NӃu ÿӇ mӝt nhân vұt
diӅu hâu lãnh ÿҥo, Bҳc ViӋt sӁ viӋn cӟ ViӋt Nam Cӝng Hòa không
muӕn hòa bình rӗi thúc quân ÿánh mҥnh trong lúc quân ÿӝi chѭa kӏp
vãn hӗi tѭ thӃ phҧn công. Tҥm thӡi dùng công thӭc hòa hoãn thôi.
Cө Trҫn văn Hѭѫng thông cҧm kèm theo lӡi thӣ dài tӓ ra mҩt tin
tѭӣng. KӃ hoҥch cӫa chúng tôi vô tình ÿã ÿè bҽp tin thҫn chӕng cӝng
sҳt ÿá cӫa cө. Theo cө thì giҧi pháp hӳu hiӋu là bӓ ngӓ Sài Gòn, tәng
ÿӝng viên nhӳng vùng ÿҩt còn lҥi ÿӇ tiӃp tөc ÿánh cӝng sҧn. Chӑn giҧi
pháp nҫy sӁ ÿә máu thêm, nhѭng chiӃn tranh nào mà ,không ÿә máu,
ít nhҩt ViӋt Nam Cӝng Hòa không thua mӝt cách mat mһt. Mѭӡi năm
sau tôi thҩy kӃ hoҥch cӫa cө Trҫn văn Hѭѫng ÿúng. NӃu lúc bҩy giӡ
các nhà lãnh ÿҥo quân sӵ MiӅn Nam ÿӯng bӓ chҥy quá sӟm,
960 LONG ĐIỀN

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Bay Vien, le maitre de Cholon / Pierre Darcourt
De lattree au Viet-Nam ; une annee de victoires / Pierre Darcourt

Le Tchad, 15 ans après [Paperback] Pierre Darcourt (Author)
972 LONG ĐIỀN

Le roi des bergers by Pierre Darcourt
Vietnam, qu’as-tu fait de tes fils? [Paperback] Pierre Darcourt
(Author)
LA DEFAITE INDOCHINOISE.Auteur : PIERRE DARCOURT.
Référence : RO20075094
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http://nhd18.esmartweb.com/mevietnam/thayloitua.html
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chói tai:
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http://www.dcvonline.net/php/modules.php?name=News&file=prin
t&sid=3989 ³ÆPYDQJPӝWÿRҥQÿѭӡQJNKyLOӱD´FӫD8\rQ7KDR
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992 LONG ĐIỀN

Vietnam – Qu’as-tu fait de tes fils?” cӫa Pierre Darcourt ҩn hành
lҫn ÿҫu tҥi Paris, tháng 11, 1975. Tác phҭm là mӝt tұp hӧp tѭ liӋu vӅ
các sӵ kiӋn chính trӏ, quân sӵ ... cuӕi cùng tҥi miӅn Nam ViӋt Nam. Ký
giҧ Pierre Darcourt rӡi Sài Gòn vào trѭa 29/04/1975, sau nhiӅu ngày có
mһt bên cҥnh các chiӃn binh giӳa lӱa ÿҥn tҥi Xuân Lӝc, Hӕ Nai... gһp
gӥ các tѭӟng NguyӉn Khoa Nam, Lê Minh Ĉҧo... cùng nhiӅu nhân vұt
chính trӏ, quân sӵ và chia sҿ nhiӅu thҧm cҧnh não nӅ cӫa các ÿám ÿông
dân chúng cӕ rӡi xa vùng cӝng sҧn chiӃm ÿóng. Tác phҭm không
chӍ dӵng lҥi mӝt ÿoҥn ÿѭӡng khói lӱa mà còn là tiӃng gào thét phүn
nӝ bҩtbình ÿӕi vӟi các hành ÿӝng tàn ác phi nhân và thái ÿӝ dӕi trá hèn
mҥt tӯng có ӣ khҳp nѫi trѭӟc nhӳng oan khiên nhӭc nhӕi cǊng nhѭ ý
chí kiên cѭӡng bҩt khuҩt cӫa quân dân miӅn Nam bӏ dӗn vào cҧnh bӏ bóp
hӑng trói tay ÿӇ buӝc phҧi tӯ bӓ nguyӋn vӑng duy trì cuӝc sӕng trong
tӵ do. Theo Pierre Darcourt, cuӝc chiӃn ViӋt Nam ngѭng tiӃng súng tӯ
tháng 4, 1975, nhѭng vүn tiӃp tөc và trұn tuyӃn ÿã mӣ rӝng trên toàn
cõi ViӋt Nam vӟi mӝt phía là tұp ÿoàn cӝng sҧn ÿam mê quyӅn lӵc tӟi
mӭc thҧn nhiên trѭӟc mӑi ÿau thѭѫng tang tóc cӫa ngѭӡi dân và mӝt
phía là dân tӝc ViӋt Nam ÿã bӏ tѭӟc ÿoҥt mӑi quyӅn sӕng tӕi thiӇu cӫa
con ngѭӡi...
Gҫn nhѭ mӛi ÿӏa danh ViӋt Nam ÿӅu là lӡi gӧi nhҳc mӝt thҧm
cҧnh kinh hoàng.
HuӃ là hình ҧnh lúc khai quұt nhӳng mӗ chôn tұp thӇ sau cuӝc tàn sát
ghê rӧn TӃt Mұu Thân 1968 trѭӟc nhӳng gѭѫng mһt thҧm não, nhӳng
dòng nѭӟc mҳt chan hoà cӫa hàng hàng lӟp lӟp ngѭӡi mҽ, ngѭӡi vӧ,
ngѭӡi con ngѫ ngác vӟi nhӳng mҧnh khăn tang chen chúc tҥo thành
nhӳng con sóng nhҩp nhô trҳng xoá.
Quҧng Trӏ là ÿoҥn ÿѭӡng 40 cây sӕ mà màu nhӵa ÿen trên mһt ÿѭӡng
phӫ kín mӝt lӟp màu nâu ÿӓ sҥm cӫa máu khô vӟi hàng chөc ngàn xác
chӃt gӗm hҫu hӃt là ÿàn bà, trҿ nít gөc ngã bӣi nhӳng chùm ÿҥn pháo
tұp trung xӕi xҧ trút xuӕng, và tiӃp tөc bӏ tung lên nhiӅu lҫn xé thành
mҧnh nhӓ.
An Lӝc là ÿӕng gҥch vөn và ngôi nhà thӡ bay hӃt nóc vӟi cҧ trăm thi
hài chӗng chҩt, thӕi rӳa giӳa các hàng ghӃ nát vөn dѭӟi bөc thӡ Chúa.
Hai tuҫn lӉ trѭӟc, mӝt chiӃn xa T.54 ÿã dùng ÿҥi bác bҳn trӵc xҥ vào
ÿám tín ÿӗ ÿang cҫu nguyӋn giӃt không còn mӝt ai và toàn bӝ xác chӃt
vүn nҵm tҥi chӛ.
Cùng chung mӝt gӧi nhҳc là hàng loҥt ÿӏa danh khác tӯ Khe Sanh,
Ĉông Hà, Phù Ly, Phù CǊ tӟi Pleime, Dakto, Ben Het... và thұm chí tӯ
cҧ nhӳng vùng ÿҩt không tên:
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994 LONG ĐIỀN

Paris 27/01/1973: “NӅQKòa bình trong
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dân tӯ Cao Nguyên, tӯ các tӍnh ÿӏa ÿҫu miӅn Trung...
Pierre Darcourt ghi lҥi sӵ thұt qua lӡi kӇ cӫa cө già chҥy nҥn: “Chúng tôi
gӗm hѫn 100 ngàn ngѭӡi ÿi bӝ, gӗng gánh tҩt cҧ nhӳng gì có thӇ mang
theo...Con ÿѭӡng nhӓ xuyên qua rӯng giӳa nhӳng bөi rұm và tre dày ÿһc.
Chúng tôi không có thӭc ăn, tuyӋt ÿӕi không có gì ÿӇ uӕng và ÿi suӕt 3 ngày 3
ÿêm nhѭ vұy... Khi gҫn tӟi sông Ba thì tӯ trong rӯng xuҩt hiӋn mӝt toán bӝ
ÿӝi có ngѭӡi cҫm cӡ ÿi ÿҫu. Ngѭӡi chӍ huy toán bӝ ÿӝi phát loa ra lӋnh cho
chúng tôi ngӯng lҥi và quay trӣ vӅ. Nhѭng làm sao ÿѭӧc bây giӡ vì có quá
nhiӅu ngѭӡi ӣ phía sau cӭ ÿùn chúng tôi ÿi tӟi. Tҩt cҧ bӏ dӗn cӭng thành mӝt
khӕi không nhúc nhích nәi. ThӃ là bӑn cӝng sҧn bҳn vӟi tҩt cҧ các loҥi
súng hӑ ÿang có... các loҥi pháo nһng nhҽ, súng cӕi, súng không giұt...
nã,thҷng vào chúng tôi dӑc theo con lӝ ÿang bӏ kҽt cӭng. Tҩt cҧ ÿӅu no ÿӗng
loҥt. Mӝt trái ÿҥn pháo ÿã chém ngang con gái tôi và hai ÿӭa con cӫa nó.
Trên ÿoҥn ÿѭӡng dài 3 cây sӕ thây nҵm la liӋt, lүn lӝn kҿ chӃt ngѭӡi bӏ
thѭѫng. Hàng trăm xe ÿӫ loҥi bӏ cháy, nә ì ҫm nhѭ ngѭӡi ta ném ÿҥn vào lӱa
vұy. Tôi ôm ÿӭa cháu chín tuәi, cӕ gҳng chҥy bӯa tӟi ÿâu hay tӟi ÿó. Ĉӭa bé
bӏ mӝt mҧnh ÿҥn pháo xuyên qua lѭng. Nó khóc thét lên nhҳc ÿi nhҳc lҥi:
‘Ông ѫi, ngӵc cháu thӫng rӗi, ÿau lҳm’. Rӗi ÿùng mӝt cái, tôi không nghe nó
nói nӳa. Tôi nhìn lҥi, ÿôi môi cӫa nó ÿen hӃt rӗi. Nó ÿã chӃt”...
Tóm lѭӧc nhұn ÿӏnh cuӝc chiӃn ViӋt Nam cӫa sӱ gia
Pierre Darcourt:
1- Ba triӋu ngѭӡi ÿã chӃt cho mӝt chiӃn thҳng quân sӵ, mӝt chiӃn thҳng
không giҧi quyӃt ÿѭӧc gì cҧ mà nó lҥi còn ÿѭa ÿӃn mӝt thҩt bҥi vӅ chánh trӏ
lүn nhân tâm. Khӣi xѭӟng và lãnh ÿҥo mӝt, cuӝc chiӃn 30 năm dài nói là ÿӇ
thӕng nhҩt ÿҩt nѭӟc, mà cuӕi cùng chӍ thay mӝt ÿҩt nѭӟc rách nát và tan
thѭѫng hѫn bao giӡ hӃt !
2-”Chính C͡ng s̫n B̷c Vi͏t mͣi th̵t s͹ là k̓ xăm lăng. Và Mi͉n
Nam Vi͏t Nam ch͑ là m͡t n̩n nhân ph̫i ͧ trong th͇ ph̫i chi͇n ÿ̭u ÿ͋
t͹ v͏ mà thôi “
3- Ba trăm ba mѭѫi bӕn (334) trұn tҩn công cӫa cӝng sҧn vào
lãnh thә cӫa MiӅn Nam ViӋt Nam ÿѭӧc ghi nhұn ngay trong 2 ngày
sau khi HiӋp Ĉӏnh Ngӯng Bҳn Paris ngày 27/1/ 1973 ÿѭӧc chính thӭc
công bӕ.... NӅn hòa bình ӣ ViӋt Nam vүn chӍ còn là mӝt ҧo vӑng!
4- Mӝt dân tӝc khӕn khә, bӏ dày vò, bӏ chһt hӃt tay chân, bӏ sҥt nghiӋp
chӍ vì bӏ sa vào bүy cӫa mӝt vӣ kӏch chánh trӏ ngu xuҭn và bi thҧm quá kinh
khӫng mà chính hӑ cǊng không hӅ biӃt, không hӅ hiӇu gì cҧ...
5-“Tôi mu͙n gào lên, mu͙n hét th̵t to ÿ͋ c̫ th͇ giͣi cùng nghe:
998 LONG ĐIỀN
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Nam).

13-Michel Tauriac
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MICHEL TAURIAC và Viet Nam, le dossier noir du Communisme

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dossier noir du communisme de 1945 à nos
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1000 LONG ĐIỀN

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1002 LONG ĐIỀN

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1004 LONG ĐIỀN
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HOW MANY DIDCOMMUNIST REGIMES MURDER?*
By R.J. Rummel
http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COM.ART.HTM
Note that I completed this study in November 1993 while still

engaged in collecting democide data. Not all the democide totals
I mention here may be complete, therefore. For final figures on
communist megamurderers, see my summary Table 1.2 in my Death by
Government. For all final estimates, see the summary table in Statistics
of Democide
With the passing of communism into history as an ideological

alternative to democracy it is time to do some accounting of its human
costs.
Few would deny any longer that communism--Marxism-Leninism
and its variants--meant in practice bloody terrorism, deadly purges,
lethal gulags and forced labor, fatal deportations, man-made famines,
extrajudicial executions and show trials, and genocide. It is also widely
known that as a result millions of innocent people have been murdered
in cold blood. Yet there has been virtually no concentrated statistical
work on what this total might be.

For about eight years I have been sifting through thousands of
sources trying to determine the extent of democide (genocide and mass
murder) in this century. As a result of that effort** I am able to give some
conservative figures on what is an unrivaled communist hecatomb, and
to compare this to overall world totals.
First, however, I should clarify the term democide. It means for
governments what murder means for an individual under municipal law.
It is the premeditated killing of a person in cold blood, or causing the
death of a person through reckless and wanton disregard for their life.
Thus, a government incarcerating people in a prison under such deadly
conditions that they die in a few years is murder by the state--
democide-as would parents letting a child die from malnutrition and
exposure be murder. So would government forced labor that kills a
person within months or a couple of years be murder. So would
government created famines that then are ignored or knowingly
aggravated by government action be murder of those who starve to
death. And obviously, extrajudicial executions, death by torture,
government massacres, and all genocidal killing be murder. However,
judicial executions for crimes that internationally would be considered
capital offenses, such as for murder or treason (as long as it is clear that
these are not fabricated for the purpose of executing the accused, as in
communist show trials), are not democide. Nor is democide the killing
of enemy soldiers in combat or of armed rebels, nor of noncombatants
as a result of military action against military targets.
With this understanding of democide, Table 1 lists all communist
governments that have committed any form of democide and gives
their estimated total domestic and foreign democide and its annual
rate (the percent of a government’s domestic population murdered per
year). It also shows the total for communist guerrillas (including quasi-
governments, as of the Mao soviets in China prior to the communist
victory in 1949) and the world total for all governments and guerillas
(including such quasi-governments as of the White Armies during
the Russian civil war in 1917-1922). Figure 1 graphs the communist
megamurderers and compares this to the communist and world totals.
Of course, eventhough systematically determined and calculated,
all these figures and their graph are only rough approximations. Even
were we to have total access to all communist archives we still would
not be able to calculate precisely how many the communists murdered.
Consider that even in spite of the archival statistics and detailed reports
of survivors, the best experts still disagree by over 40 percent on
1026 LONG ĐIỀN
the total number of Jews killed by the Nazis. We cannot expect near
this accuracy for the victims of communism. We can, however, get
a probable order of magnitude and a relative approximation of these
deaths within a most likely range. And that is what the figures in Table
1 are meant to be. Their apparent precision is only due to the total
for most communist governments being the summation of dozens of
subtotals (as of forced labor deaths each year) and calculations (as in
extrapolating scholarly estimates of executions or massacres).
With this understood, the Soviet Union appears the greatest
megamurderer of all, apparently killing near 61,000,000 people. Stalin
himself is responsible for almost 43,000,000 of these. Most of the
deaths, perhaps around 39,000,000 are due to lethal forced labor in
gulag and transit thereto. Communist China up to 1987, but mainly
from 1949 through the cultural revolution, which alone may have seen
over 1,000,000 murdered, is the second worst megamurderer. Then
there are the lesser megamurderers, such as North Korea and Tito’s
Yugoslavia.Obviously the population that is available to kill will make
a big difference in the total democide, and thus the annual
percentage rate of democide is revealing. By far, the most deadly of
all communist countries and, indeed, in this century by far, has been
Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge. Pol Pot and his crew likely
killed some 2,000,000 Cambodians from April 1975 through
December 1978 out of a population of around 7,000,000. This is an
annual rate of over 8 percent of the population murdered, or odds of an
average Cambodian surviving Pol Pot’s rule of slightly over just over 2
to 1.In sum the communist probably have murdered something like
110,000,000, or near two-thirds of all those killed by all governments,
quasi-governments, and guerrillas from 1900 to 1987. Of course, the
world total itself it shocking. It is several times the 38,000,000 battle-
dead that have been killed in all this century’s international and domestic
wars. Yet the probable number of murders by the Soviet Union alone-
-one communist country-- well surpasses this cost of war. And those
murders of communist China almost equal it.
Figure 2 shows the major sources of death for those murdered
under communism and compares this to world totals for each source for
this century. A few of these sources require some clarification. Deaths
through government terrorism means the killing of specific individuals
by assassination, extrajudicial executions, torture, beatings, and such.
Massacre, on the other hand, means the indiscriminate mass killing of

people, as in soldiers machine gunning demonstrators, or entering a
village and killing all of its inhabitants. As used here, genocide is the
killing of people because of their ethnicity, race, religion, or language.
And democide through deportation is the killing of people during their
forced mass transportation to distant regions and their death as a direct
result, such as through starvation or exposure. Democidal famine is that
which is purposely caused or aggravated by government or which is
knowingly ignored and aid to its victims is withheld.
As can be seen in the figure, communist forced labor was particularly
deadly. It not only accounts for most deaths under communism, but
is close to the world total, which also includes colonial forced labor
deaths (as in German, Portuguese, and Spanish colonies). Communists
also committed genocide, to be sure, but only near half of the world
total. Communists are much less disposed to massacre then were
many other noncommunist governments (such as the Japanese military
during World War II, or the Nationalist Chinese government from 1928
to 1949). As can be seen from the comparative total for terrorism,
communists were much more discriminating in their killing overall,
even to the extent in the Soviet Union, communist China, and
Vietnam, at least, of using a quota system. Top officials would order
local officials to kill a certain number of “enemies of the people,”
“rightists”, or “tyrants”.
How can we understand all this killing by communists? It is the
marriage of an absolutist ideology with the absolute power. Communists
believed that they knew the truth, absolutely. They believed that they
knew through Marxism what would bring about the greatest human
welfare and happiness. And they believed that power, the dictatorship
of the proletariat, must be used to tear down the old feudal or capitalist
order and rebuild society and culture to realize this utopia. Nothing
must stand in the way of its achievement. Government--the Communist
Party--was thus above any law. All institutions, cultural norms,
traditions, and sentiments were expendable. And the people were as
though lumber and bricks, to be used in building the new world.
Constructing this utopia was seen as though a war on poverty,
exploitation, imperialism, and inequality. And for the greater good, as
in a real war, people are killed. And thus this war for the communist
utopia had its necessary enemy casualties, the clergy, bourgeoisie,
capitalists, wreckers, counterrevolutionaries, rightists, tyrants, rich,
landlords, and noncombatants that unfortunately got caught in the
battle. In a war millions may die, but the cause may be well justified,
1028 LONG ĐIỀN
as in the defeat of Hitler and an utterly racist Nazism. And to many
communists, the cause of a communist utopia was such as to justify
all the deaths. The irony of this is that communism in practice, even
after decades of total control, did not improve the lot of the average
person, but usually made their living conditions worse than before the
revolution. It is not by chance that the greatest famines have occurred
within the Soviet Union (about 5,000,000 dead during 1921-23 and
7,000,000 from 1932-3) and communist China (about 27,000,000
dead from 1959-61). In total almost 55,000,000 people died in various
communist famines and associated diseases, a little over 10,000,000
of them from democidal famine. This is as though the total population
of Turkey, Iran, or Thailand had been completely wiped out. And
that something like 35,000,000 people fled communist countries as
refugees, as though the countries of Argentina or Columbia had been
totally emptied of all their people, was an unparalleled vote against the
utopian pretensions of Marxism-Leninism.
But communists could not be wrong. After all, their knowledge
was scientific, based on historical materialism, an understanding of
the dialectical process in nature and human society, and a materialist
(and thus realistic) view of nature. Marx has shown empirically where
society has been and why, and he and his interpreters proved that it
was destined for a communist end. No one could prevent this, but only
stand in the way and delay it at the cost of more human misery. Those
who disagreed with this world view and even with some of the proper
interpretations of Marx and Lenin were, without a scintilla of doubt,
wrong. After all, did not Marx or Lenin or Stalin or Mao say that. . .
. In other words, communism was like a fanatical religion. It had its
revealed text and chief interpreters. It had its priests and their ritualistic
prose with all the answers. It had a heaven, and the proper behavior
to reach it. It had its appeal to faith. And it had its crusade against
nonbelievers.
What made this secular religion so utterly lethal was its seizure
of all the state’s instrument of force and coercion and their immediate
use to destroy or control all independent sources of power, such as the
church, the professions, private businesses, schools, and, of course, the
family. The result is what we see in Table 1.
But communism does not stand alone in such mass murder. We do
have the example of Nazi Germany, which may have itself murdered
some 20,000,000 Jews, Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Yugoslaves,
Frenchmen, and other nationalities. Then there is the Nationalist
government of China under Chiang Kai-shek, which murdered near
10,000,000 Chinese from 1928 to 1949, and the Japanese militarists
who murdered almost 6,000,000 Chinese, Indonesians, Indochinese,
Koreans, Filipinos, and others during world War II. And then we have
the 1,000,000 or more Bengalis and Hindus killed in East Pakistan
(now Bangladesh) in 1971 by the Pakistan military. Nor should we
forget the mass expulsion of ethnic Germans and German citizens from
Eastern Europe at the end of World War II, particularly by the Polish
government as it seized the German Eastern Territories, killing perhaps
over 1,000,000 of them. Nor should we ignore the 1,000,000 plus
deaths in Mexico from 1900 to 1920, many of these poor Indians and
peasants being killed by forced labor on barbaric haciendas. And one
could go on and on to detail various kinds of noncommunist democide.
But what connects them all is this. As a government’s power is
more unrestrained, as its power reaches into all the corners of culture
and society, and as it is less democratic, then the more likely it is to kill
its own citizens. There is more than a correlation here. As totalitarian
power increases, democide multiplies until it curves sharply upward
when totalitarianism is near absolute. As a governing elite has the power
to do whatever it wants, whether to satisfy its most personal desires, to
pursue what it believes is right and true, it may do so whatever the cost
in lives. In this case power is the necessary condition for mass murder.
Once an elite have it, other causes and conditions can operated to
bring about the immediate genocide, terrorism, massacres, or whatever
killing an elite feels is warranted.
Finally, at the extreme of totalitarian power we have the greatest
extreme of democide. Communist governments have almost without
exception wielded the most absolute power and their greatest killing
(such as during Stalin’s reign or the height of Mao’s power) has taken
place when they have been in their own history most totalitarian. As
most communist governments underwent increasing liberalization and
a loosening of centralized power in the 1960s through the 1980s, the
pace of killing dropped off sharply.
Communism has been the greatest social engineering experiment
we have ever seen. It failed utterly and in doing so it killed over
100,000,000 men, women, and children, not to mention the near
30,000,000 of its subjects that died in its often aggressive wars and
the rebellions it provoked. But there is a larger lesson to be learned
from this horrendous sacrifice to one ideology. That is that no one can
be trusted with power. The more power the center has to impose the
1030 LONG ĐIỀN
beliefs of an ideological or religious elite or impose the whims of a
dictator, the more likely human lives are to be sacrificed. This is but
one reason, but perhaps the most important one, for fostering liberal
democracy.
NOTES
* Unpublished essay, November 1993.
** Note as of 1998: the case studies resulting from that effort
were published in Death By Government; the statistics and statistical
analyses are in Statistics of Democide.
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http://www.hawaii.edu
Killed or death by caused
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35 triӋu ngѭӡi, trong ÿó có 29 triӋu bӏ giӃt trong chiӃn tranh thӃ giӟi
và gҫn 6 triӋu trong các cuӝc nӝi chiӃn. Ngѭӧc lҥi sӕ ngѭӡi bӏ các
chính phӫ giӃt chӃt dѭӟi nhӳng hình thӭc khác nhau là trên 119 triӋu.
Rummel phân biӋt ba loҥi chính phӫ: Chính phӫ ÿӝc tài cӝng sҧn giӃt
chӃt 115 triӋu; chính phӫ ÿӝc tài không phҧi cӝng sҧn giӃt chӃt 20
triӋu; chính phӫ hѫi có phҫn tӵ do giӃt chӃt 3 triӋu và các chính phӫ tӵ
do (bao gӗm các quӕc Tây phѭѫng thӡi ÿӃ quӕc) giӃt chӃt khoҧng trên
800 ngàn.
Nhѭ vұy, tên sát thӫ lӟn nhҩt trong thӃ kӹ 20 vӯa qua chính là các chӃ
ÿӝ ÿӝc tài. Trong các chӃ ÿӝ ÿӝc tài ҩy, các chӃ ÿӝ cӝng sҧn ÿӭng ÿҫu.
Theo Rummel, trong bài “Cӝng sҧn giӃt hҥi bao nhiêu ngѭӡi?” (How
many did Communist regimes murder?), các chӃ ÿӝ cӝng sҧn giӃt chӃt
khoҧng 110 triӋu ngѭӡi, tӭc gҫn hai phҫn ba tәng sӕ ngѭӡi bӏ chӃt bӣi
chính phӫ hoһc các lӵc lѭӧng du kích tӯ năm 1900 ÿӃn 1997.
1032 LONG ĐIỀN

http://www.hawaii.edu
Genocide statistic
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0DR7UҥFKĈ{QJOjEDRQKLrX"
Theo Jean-Louis Margolin, trong bài “Mao’s China: The Worst Non-
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http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33613&Cr=earthqu
ake&Cr1=; http://www.unisdr.org/news/v.php?id=12470; http://www.
eas.slu.edu/hazards.html
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Introduction, London: Routledge, tr. 124.
3.Xem bài “How many did Communist regimes murder?” trên http://
www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COM.ART.HTM
1034 LONG ĐIỀN

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5.http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP4.HTM
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Rummel :
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15-Lewis Sorley:
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Abrams and the Army of His Times và General Harold K. Johnson and
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the Unexamined Victory and Final Tragedy of America’s Last Year in
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Abrams Tapes 1968-1972”.
(http://www.tuvy.com/resource/books/authors/s/Sorley_Lewis.html
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http://congdongvietnamnamcalifornia.wordpress.com/2010/03/11/
lu%e1%ba%adt-s%c6%b0-cong-nhan-da-hy-sinh-ph%e1%ba%a3i-
hy-sinh-d%e1%ba%bfn-cung/
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1064 LONG ĐIỀN

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1072 LONG ĐIỀN

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Title File Size ARC ID
Index (1.4 MB) 5890484
[Part I] Vietnam and the U.S., 1940-1950 (40 MB) 5890485
[Part II] U.S. Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War,

1950-1954 (15 MB) 5890486
[Part III] The Geneva Accords (21.5 MB) 5890487
[Part IV. A. 1.] Evolution of the War. NATO and SEATO:

A Comparison (10 MB) 5890488
[Part IV. A. 2.] Evolution of the War. Aid for France in

Indochina, 1950-54 (6.8 MB) 5890489
[Part IV. A. 3.] Evolution of the War. U.S. and France’s Withdrawal
from Vietnam, 1954-56 (13.5 MB) 5890490

[Part IV. A. 4.] Evolution of the War. U.S. Training of
Vietnamese National Army, 1954-59 (19.9 MB) 5890491
[Part IV. A. 5.] Evolution of the War. Origins of
the Insurgency (57.7 MB) 5890492
[Part IV. B. 1.] Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: The Kennedy

Commitments and Programs, 1961 (34.8 MB) 5890493
[Part IV. B. 2.] Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: Strategic Hamlet

Program, 1961-63 (9.9 MB) 5890494
[Part IV. B. 3.] Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: The Advisory Build-up,
1961-67 (27.7 MB) 5890495
[Part IV. B. 4.] Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: Phased Withdrawal of

U.S. Forces in Vietnam, 1962-64 (11 MB) 5890496
[Part IV. B. 5.] Evolution of the War. Counterinsurgency: The Overthrow of Ngo
Dinh Diem, May-Nov. 1963 (21 MB) 5890497
[Part IV. C. 1.] Evolution of the War. U.S. Programs in South Vietnam, November
1963-April 1965: NASM 273 — NSAM 288 — Honolulu (27.7 MB) 5890498
[Part IV. C. 2. a.] Evolution of the War. Military Pressures Against NVN. February
– June 1964 (14.6 MB) 5890499
[Part IV. C. 2. b.] Evolution of the War. Military Pressures Against NVN. July –
October 1964 (18 MB) 5890500
[Part IV. C. 2. c.] Evolution of the War. Military Pressures Against NVN.
November – December 1964 (21.9 MB) 5890501
[Part IV. C. 3.] Evolution of the War. ROLLING THUNDER Program Begins:
January – June 1965 (35.4 MB) 5890502
[Part IV. C. 4.] Evolution of the War. Marine Combat Units Go to DaNang, March
1965 (8.1 MB) 5890503
[Part IV. C. 5.] Evolution of the War. Phase I in the Build-up of U.S. Forces: March
1074 LONG ĐIỀN

– July 1965 (23.3 MB) 5890504
[Part IV. C. 6. a.] Evolution of the War. U.S. Ground Strategy and Force
Deployments: 1965 – 1967. Volume I: Phase II, Program 3, Program 4
(27.3 MB) 5890505

[Part IV. C. 6. b.] Evolution of the War. U.S. Ground Strategy and Force
Deployments: 1965 – 1967. Volume II: Program 5 (44 MB) 5890506
[Part IV. C. 6. c.] Evolution of the War. U.S. Ground Strategy and Force
Deployments: 1965 – 1967. Volume III: Program 6 (17.6 MB) 5890507
[Part IV. C. 7. a.] Evolution of the War. Air War in the North: 1965 – 1968.
Volume I (41 MB) 5890508
[Part IV. C. 7. b.] Evolution of the War. Air War in the North: 1965 – 1968.
Volume II (38.8 MB) 5890509
[Part IV. C. 8.] Evolution of the War. Re-emphasis on

Pacification: 1965-1967 (27.9 MB) 5890510
[Part IV. C. 9. a.] Evolution of the War. U.S.-GVN
Relations. Volume 1: December 1963 – June 1965 (16.4 MB) 5890511
[Part IV. C. 9. b.] Evolution of the War. U.S.-GVN
Relations. Volume 2: July 1965 – December 1967 (15.7 MB) 5890512
[Part IV. C. 10.] Evolution of the War. Statistical Survey
of the War, North and South: 1965 – 1967 (4.9 MB) 5890513
[Part V. A.] Justification of the War. Public Statements.
Volume I: A–The Truman Administration (1.4 MB) 5890514

Volume I: B–The Eisenhower Administration (10 MB) 5890515

Volume I: C–The Kennedy Administration (8.6 MB) 5890516

Volume II: D–The Johnson Administration (25.6 MB) 5890517
[Part V. B. 1.] Justification of the War. Internal

Documents. The Roosevelt Administration (13.8 MB) 5890518
[Part V. B. 2. a.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Truman

Administration. Volume I: 1945 – 1949 (43.9 MB) 5890519
[Part V. B. 2. b.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Truman

Administration. Volume II: 1950 -1952 (51.4 MB) 5890520
[Part V. B. 3. a.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Eisenhower

Administration. Volume I: 1953 (49.8 MB) 5890521
[Part V. B. 3. b.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Eisenhower

Administration. Volume II: 1954 – Geneva (84.4 MB) 5890522
[Part V. B. 3. c.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Eisenhower

Administration. Volume III: Geneva Accords – 15 March 1956
(74.4 MB) 5890523

[Part V. B. 3. d.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Eisenhower
Administration. Volume IV: 1956 French Withdrawal – 1960
(61.7 MB) 5890524

[Part V. B. 4.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Kennedy
Administration. Book I (68.4 MB) 5890525
[Part V. B. 4.] Justification of the War. Internal Documents. The Kennedy

Administration. Book II (39.6 MB) 5890526
[Part VI. A.] Settlement of the Conflict. Negotiations,

1965-67: The Public Record (16 MB) 5890527
[Part VI. B.] Settlement of the Conflict. Negotiations, 1965-67: Announced
1076 LONG ĐIỀN

Position Statements (51 MB) 5890528
[Part VI. C. 1.] Settlement of the Conflict. Histories of

Contacts. 1965-1966 (35.1 MB) 5890529

Contacts. Polish Track (26.4 MB) 5890530
Contacts. Moscow-London Track (27.5 MB) 5890531
[Part VI. C. 4.] Settlement of the Conflict. Histories of Contacts. 1967-1968
-
http://www.archives.gov.vn/cong_bo_gioi_thieu_tl/mlnews.2006
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-http://www.thtndc.org/modules.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&
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=article&sid=2442 Vietnam Chronicles: The Abrams Tapes 1968 –
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Documents on the Vietnam War.

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1997,768 trang.
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-Encyclopedia of The VietnamWar, Spencer C. Tucker, ABC-
Clio,INC, California 1998, 460 Pages.
-Estimative Products on Vietnam 1948-1975, National Intelligence
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nam-bi-m%E1%BA%ADt/
-The Vietnam War, Mitchell K. Hall, Pearson Education Limited,

United Kingdom 2007, 144 pages.
-“In Retrospect” The Tragedy And Lessons Of Vietnam, Robert Mc

Namara, A Division of Random House,Inc ,New York, USA 1995,
518 pages.
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309 trang.
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-Vietnam A History, Stanley Karnow, Penguin Books, The Books

Press 1983, 752 pages.
-Vietnam The History of an Unwinnable War,1945-1975, John Prados,
University Press Of Kansas,2009, 665 pages.
-Soldier Report,William C. Westmoreland, Doubleday& Company,

Inc USA, 446 pages
1082 LONG ĐIỀN

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1108 LONG ĐIỀN

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107 http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuy%E1%BA%BFt_domino +LӋX ӭQJ
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Giới thiệu quyển sách
“Cuộc Chiến Việt Nam 1945-1975”
của tác giả Long Điền:
Trước hết xin được phép sơ lược qua về tác giả: Long Điền với 12
năm lính (khoá 16 SQTB Thủ Đức), 2 lần bị thương ngoài chiến trường, 6
năm “tù cải tạo ”, đã tham gia hoạt động trong các Cộng Đồng địa phương
và Liên Bang HK sau khi đến Mỹ với diên tỵ nạn chính trị năm 1993.
Một thành viên tích cực của Liên Minh Dân Chủ Việt Nam. Đó là
những gì gói gọn về chiến hữu Vương Văn Giàu mà tôi được biết.
Chiến tranh Việt Nam là một đề tài rộng lớn và phổ quát. Đã có rất
nhiều nhà nghiên cứu, chính khách, biên khảo gồm cả người ngoại quốc
và Việt Nam đã viết về đề tài nầy. Phần lớn các tác giả viết theo tinh thần
chủ quan, dựa trên quan điểm, theo chuyên môn hay hiểu biết riêng mình
về cuộc chiến nầy...Cho nên vấn đề tìm hiểu thấu đáo hơn về cuộc chiến
Việt Nam vẫn còn là nhu cầu mà đọc giả ưa thích. Quyển sách “Cuộc
Chiến Việt Nam 1945-1975” của Long Điền đã thu thập và nhận định về
45 nhân vật lịch sử nói về cuộc chiến nầy.
Nhận lời phê bình quyển sách qua email (dạng Microsoft Word) vì
thời gian in quyển sách chỉ còn non một tháng, tôi có phần áy náy. Vì
nếu đọc kỹ thì không đủ thời gian, xem qua loa thì trách nhiệm không
cho phép. Tôi chọn giải pháp trung dung tức là xem đầy đủ một số phần
trọng yếu (trong 45 nhân vật lịch sử).
Bằng lòng với những công sức đóng góp của tác giả trong việc “Tìm
Hiểu Lịch Sử thời điềm 1945-1975”, tác giả khá trung thực khi đưa ra
các nhận định đa phương, trưng dẫn tài liệu nhiều nguồn giúp cho người
đọc có một cái nhìn tổng thể về Cuộc Chiến. Nhưng nếu xét tính khách
quan (trong một số nhân chứng lịch sử mà tác giả đưa ra) thì những nhận
định của tác giả không hoàn toàn khách quan, dù muốn dù không với
lập trường của một sĩ quan Tham Mưu Chính Trị QLVNCH, quyển sách
thiên về bảo vệ “Chính Nghĩa Quốc Gia”và lên án các sai lầm, tội ác của
Cộng Sản Việt Nam; tác giả đã nói lên được quan điểm của mình.
Trong khi đó, quyển sách có thể được xem như một “Văn Kiện Tra
Cứu” về cuộc chiến Việt Nam vì tác giả đã đưa ra các nhận định về cuộc
1116 LONG ĐIỀN
chiến qua các nhân chứng lịch sử: 15 nhân vật phía Quốc Gia, 15 nhân
vật phiá Cộng Sản và 15 nhân vật phía Quốc Tế.
Phần sưu tầm tài liệu phong phú, phần nhận định Cuộc Chiến của
mỗi nhân vật chỉ đơn giản, tóm lược chưa đầy đủ. Nhưng nói chung,
quyển sách có thể giúp ích cho thế hệ trẻ muốn tìm hiểu giai đoạn lịch
sử nhiều phức tạp, nhiều lý giải mâu thuẫn sẽ hiểu được phần nào những
bí ẩn đàng sau “Cuộc Chiến không cần thiết” nầy.
Ngô Thanh Hải, Thẩm phán, Canada (Chủ Tịch Liên
Minh Dân Chủ Việt Nam)
Quyển sách « Cuộc chiến Việt Nam 1945-1975 » không chỉ đơn giản
là một tài liệu kể lại giai đoạn chiến tranh trong lịch sử cận đại, mà tác
giả Long Điền đã công phu sưu tầm tổng hợp các phân tích, các nhận
định trung thực, khách quan, giá trị từ nhiều sử gia VN và ngoại quốc
liên quan đến các diễn biến Chính Trị - Quân Sự VN & Quốc Tế, liên
quan đến các nhân vật lịch sử từ hai phía Quốc Gia & Cộng Sản trong
giai đoạn 30 năm cuộc chiến VN.
Một đóng góp to lớn trong việc làm sáng tỏ lịch sử đã bị bóp méo,
giúp ích cho các thế hệ trẻ VN nối tiếp rút tỉa những bài học quý báu
trong mối tương quan quyền lực khi bang giao với các cường quốc, để
dân tộc VN không bị lôi kéo vào một cuộc chiến tranh tai hại và vô ích.
Đọc để suy ngẫm, đọc để khuyên dạy cho các thế hệ con cháu sau
này, một tài liệu không thể thiếu cho những ai đang đấu tranh vì Tự Do
Dân Chủ, Độc Lập Dân Tộc và Toàn Vẹn Lãnh Thổ VN.
Lê thanh Hùng (CĐ Pháp quốc, thành viên Diễn Đàn
Tiếng Nói Tự Do của Người Dân VN với nick name Cây
Muốn Lặng)
Được yêu cầu viết lời nhận định về sách Cuộc Chiến Việt Nam
1945-1975 của ông Long Điền tức là ông Vương Văn Giàu, một thành
viên của Hội Đồng Chấp Hành Trung Ương Cộng Đồng Người Việt
Quốc Gia Hoa Kỳ nhiệm kỳ 2009-2012, tôi đã nhận lời, vì đã sinh hoạt
chung với tác giả trong HĐCHTU/CD/NVQG/HK hơn 2 năm, và đã
hiểu rỏ tài năng, quan điểm chính trị, phương thức làm việc của ông
Long Điền.

Vì thế, tôi đã để ra nhiều thời giờ để đọc kỹ cuốn sách nghiên cứu tài
liệu lịch sử dày 1000 trang này.
Phải công tâm mà nhận định rằng đây là một kho tài liệu lịch sử giá
trị. Dù trích dẫn lời nhận định của các nhân vật lịch sử nhưng tác giả đã
dày công nhiên cứu, sưu tập, hầu như đầy đủ tài liệu về các nhân vật đó.
Đoàn hậu tiến của chúng ta trong tương lai nếu cần nghiên cứu, có thể
xử dụng cuốn sách này như là một kho tài liệu lịch sử súc tích, dồi dàọ.
Đáng tiếc, tôi quan niệm rằng nếu viết về lịch sử cuộc chiến Việt
Nam 1945-1975 phe Quốc Gia hay phe cộng sản thì Vua Bảo Đai, Tổng
Thống Ngô Đình Diệm, Đại Tướng Cao Văn Viên, Hồ Chí Minh, Phạm
Văn Đồng, Võ Nguyên Giáp …..chưa đầy đủ, dù là những nhân vật
chính. Những nhân vật quan trọng trong giai đoạn 1945-1975 phải là
những thanh niên, bỏ gia đình êm ấm, theo tiếng gọi non sông, lên đường
chống Pháp mong dành lại độc lập cho quê nhà và bị Cộng sản Việt Nam
lợi dụng, lừa gạt và giết hại.
Quan trọng hơn, những nhân vật chính trong giai đoạn lịch sữ này, về
phía Quốc Gia, phải là những chiến sỹ QLVNCH đem xương trắng máu
đào để mưu cầu yên lành cho Miền Nam thân yêu, những danh tướng nhất
Thắng, nhì Chinh, tam Thanh, tứ Trưởng, những anh hùng như Nguyễn
Khoa Nam, Lê Văn Hưng, Trần Văn Hai, Lê Nguyên Vỹ, Phạm Văn Phú,
Hồ Ngọc Cẫn, Nguyễn văn Long, Lê Anh Tuấn ...... đã tuẫn quốc sau khi
cộng sản Việt Nam dùng vũ lực xâm chiếm Miền Nam Việt Nam.
Trong sách Cuộc Chiến Việt Nam 1945-1975, có thể vì không tìm
được tài liệu hay vì một lý do nào khác, các chi tiết lịch sữ của những bậc
anh hùng nói trên chưa được nhắc tớị
Trong tương lai, nếu có thì giờ, mong uớc rằng tác giả Long Điền sẽ
tiếp tục nghiên cứu và bổ túc thêm những tài liệu lịch sữ này để làm dồi
dào hơn cho các dữ kiện lịch sữ đã chất chứa trong sách Cuộc Chiến
Việt Nam 1945-1975.
Trân trọng
Nguyễn Văn Tần

Chủ Tịch Hội Đồng Chấp Hành Trung Ương
Cộng Đồng Người Việt Quốc Gia Hoa Kỳ
Nhiệm Kỳ 2009-2012
1118 LONG ĐIỀN

Các Bạn TRẺ thân mến,
Không hiểu lịch-sử và địa-lý mà đấu-tranh thì không khác gì ‘’NGƯỜI
LÍNH’’ không hiểu thế nào là quê-hương, không học qua căn-bản quân-
sự mà sử-dụng vũ-khí! Dù cho có … ’’thắng’’ trong giai-đoạn…, cuối
cùng chỉ là tên ‘’lính đánh thuê’’ và trở thành tên … cướp .. vô-cảm ngay
trên xác ‘’đồng loại’’ !!!
Chỉ cần một chữ BIẾT là …hóa-giải mọi …NGHI-VẤN.
Tác giả Long-Điền đã tổng-hợp, tham-khảo từ các tài-liệu của các:
Chính-trị-gia, Sử-gia, Nhà văn, Nhà báo, Hồi-ký …. Quốc-tế cũng như
quốc-nội….và thêm lời bình-luận của tác-giả đã được phơi bày qua ngòi
bút bình-dị của Ông. Sự nhận-định của Ông đã ‘’giải-mã’’ đựơc nhiều
câu hỏi từ trước đến nay
Ngừơi khó tính đến đâu, nhưng sau khi đọc xong cuốn sách phải
đánh giá là ….KHÁCH-QUAN.
Với cuốn sách này là ‘’chìa khóa’’ giúp các Bạn trẻ…’’ đạp tung’’ hết
các ‘’cánh cửa’’ để hiểu rõ thực chất‘’Cuộc chiến 1945 – 1975’’.
Vân Phong Nguyễn-Đình-Khánh, Hòa-lan,

một bình luận gia trên các diễn đàn Paltalk

Ấn phí 25 Mỹ kim
1120 LONG ĐIỀN

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