Baroque Reconstruction of Belgrade in Ba PDF

MONOGRAPH
Institute of Archaeology, No. 70
EDITOR
Vesna Biki}
PUBLISHED BY
Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Kneza Mihaila 35
Belgrade City Museum, Belgrade, Zmaj Jovina 1a
FOR THE PUBLISHERS

Miomir Kora}
Jelena Medakovi}
SECRETARY
Dragana Vulovi}
REVIEWED BY
Na|a Kurtovi} Foli}
Jelena Todorovi}
Vujadin Ivani{evi}
LANGUAGE EDITOR
Mirjana Radovanovi}
TRANSLATED BY
Ivan Dela~
GRAPHIC DESIGN AND LAYOUT BY

Danijela Paracki
PRINTED BY
BIROGRAF, Belgrade
PRINTED IN
500 copies
ISBN 978-86-6439-044-6 (Institute of Archaeology)

ISBN 978-86-6433-020-6 (Belgrade City Museum)
TRANSFORMATION
1717–1739
Belgrade 2019
This book has been published with the support of
the Seretariat for Culture of the City of Belgrade,
Ministry of Culture and Information of Republic of Sebia,
Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia
and Deloitte Belgrade.
Contents
6 Foreword
12 Belgrade Under Habsburg Rule 1717–1739

Isidora To~anac Radovi}
38 Baroque Reconstruction of Belgrade

Marko Popovi}
60 The Spectacle on Paper and the Baroque Theatre of War: the Conquest of Belgrade 1717
Vladimir Simi}
74 Belgrade Metropolitans on the Baroque Stage

Ana Milo{evi}
96 Beginnings of Baroque Military Architecture in the Belgrade Fortress

Marko Popovi}
110 The Great Military (‘Roman’) Well in the Belgrade Fortress

Vladan Zdravkovi}
130 Symbolism of German Belgrade’s Profane Architecture’s Narrative

Marina Pavlovi}
148 Baroque Medals – a View of Conquests of Belgrade and the Poàrevac Peace Treaty
Marija Mari} Jerini}
162 New Goods for a New Society – Belgrade and Habsburg Central Europe
Vesna Biki}
196 The ‘Stone Age’ and Flintlock Muskets in the Eighteenth Century Belgrade Fortress
Josip [ari}
206 Bibliography
222 List of Collaborators and Their Affiliations
6
Þ
Foreword
THE RECEPTION OF THE BAROQUE HERITAGE IN BELGRADE IS A VERY

intriguing question for the very fact that what has remained of it is extremely modest from the
material viewpoint and concealed under layers of later building projects and spatial planning
conceptions. For the few experts who research the different phenomena of Baroque culture
and art in our country, this short-lived but extremely important period under Habsburg rule,
at the beginning of the eighteenth century, represents a crucial step towards the creation of a
modern Belgrade. It was a city in transformation, where the Oriental, mercantile s;hir gave way
to the European monumental Baroque in a large-scale reconstruction of its urban structure
and buildings. The new shaping of space, designed according to the template of fortified Baro-
que cities, the pivot of which was the regular urban matrix with visual markers – monumental
barracks, palaces and squares – was to convey the Habsburg Monarchy’s cultural and political
messages in the newly conquered territories, in other words, connect Belgrade to the Central
European culture and idea of the Baroque.
In spite of unquestionable town planning and architectural evidence, some experts are
cautious when using the term ‘Baroque’ with the city’s name, because it is almost impossible to
see ‘the real’ Baroque in the nature and tissue of Belgrade, perhaps more so because of the fact that
it was a Baroque city in the making, commenced in a grandiose manner but never completed.
In the estimation of the renowned professor, Pavle Vasi}, in its day, ‘the Baroque in Belgrade
was rather uneven because the buildings ranged from outstanding examples of the Baroque
style to stylistically almost expressionless structures, in which functionality was closer to the
hearts of the architects than beauty, serving a practical military purpose rather than decorative
splendour. The mixture of various elements, Baroque towers and the domes and minarets of
Þ
7
mosques increased the disparities even more and, with Belgrade’s outstanding location, con-
tributed greatly to its picturesque appearance.’ It is in the unique combination of the already
existing and the new that the Baroque in the main Austrian frontier fortress facing the Turks
reveals one of its many faces. Consequently, the research of Belgrade’s cultural history under
Austrian rule is a process full of challenges and constant re-examination.
On the path of learning about the Austrian Baroque in Belgrade, the direction of which
was laid out by those who initiated the study of the Modern Age history of the city (Mihailo
Valtrovi}, Teodor Stefanovi} Vilovski, Dragoljub Pavlovi}, Radoslav Gruji}, Du{an Popovi},
Pavle Vasi}, Rajko Veselinovi}, Radovan Samardì}, @eljko [kalamera, and Marko Popovi}), valu-
able contributions have been made during the past few decades, but no comprehensive studies
have been produced. The opportunity for a turnabout came with the systematic archaeological
investigations, performed during 2008 and 2009 under the leadership of Marko Popovi} for
the Institute of Archaeology’s Scientific Research Project on the Belgrade Fortress, and carried
out on the south-eastern rampart of the Upper Town, in the area of Prolom, a ‘breach’ in the
rampart that occurred during German air raids in April 1941. Along with the discovery of a
fortified structure with a subterranean vaulted chamber – the so called blockhouse – the inves-
tigations brought to light an extraordinarily important group of objects used by the Austrian
army stationed in Belgrade between 1717 and 1739.
The extraordinary archaeological context provided not only the necessary stimulus to re-
focus the theme to research of the city’s cultural history, but also an opportunity, by means of
a comprehensive visualisation, to bring Belgrade closer to its Baroque appearance in the meas-
ure in which it was planned and partly realised in the early eighteenth century. A several-year
8 FOREWORD
programme of activities was planned with this purpose in the Institute of Archaeology, which
in 2017 became the project under the heading ‘Baroque Belgrade – the transformation of urban
structures and everyday life (1717–1739)’. The result of the project, carried out by the Institute
of Archaeology in partnership with the Belgrade City Museum, is this publication and the
exhibition accompanied by a catalogue of a matching conception and content.
The present monograph is the product of an effort by a group of experts, specialists in the
various aspects of the Baroque heritage in Belgrade and Serbia, viewed in the key of political
history and social and cultural phenomena at the beginning of the Modern Age. The framework
of the narrative of Baroque Belgrade, and its main protagonists, is laid out by Isidora To~anac
Radovi}, introducing the reader to the volume and character of the transformation of the
Ottoman urban settlement into an Austrian fortified city, according to the modern architec-
tural principles of the European Baroque. Introducing the architectural transformation of the
city during the period of Austrian rule is a study by Marko Popovi}, based on a highly detailed
analysis of the original material, plans and projects, mainly from the holdings of the Vienna
War Archives, and also on archaeological investigations he took part in or headed during his
prolific career. The realisation of the project of Colonel Nicolas Doxat de Morez, which encom-
passed a thorough reconstruction of the fortress, as the heart of the defence system, and the
fortified parts of the outer city with its institutions, can be clearly followed through the resti-
tution plans of Belgrade before and after Austrian rule, produced especially for this occasion.
Bringing Belgrade and the Austrian Kingdom of Serbia onto the European public scene
through the metaphor of the ‘war theatre’ (theatrum belli) is the theme of the respective con-
tributions by Vladimir Simi} and Marija Mari} Jerini}. Seen through the eyes of artists, copper-
plate engravers and medallists, Belgrade was the stage of the famed Austrian conquests (1688
and 1717) and its heroes, Prince Eugene of Savoy and Emperor Charles VI, but also a unique
means of political propaganda. The theatricalisation of characters and settings, characteristic
of the Baroque culture, referred to all the participants in the public life of Belgrade, such as re-
presentatives of the administration and the military, dignitaries of the Catholic Church,
monastic orders and Orthodox Christian metropolitans. Ana Milo{evi} deals with the self-
representation of the dignitaries of the Metropolitanate of Belgrade and Karlovci, which was
reflected both in public – in their apparel and behaviour – and in the appearance and furnish-
ings of the Metropolitan’s Residence, in keeping with the idea of magnificenze and the proto-
cols of Baroque representation.
The architecture of Baroque Belgrade is a theme of three contributions. Marko Popovi}
discusses the appearance and design solutions for the interior spaces of the oldest Baroque style
buildings, such as the infantry barracks and the Main Guard (Haubt Wacht) building in the
Upper Town of the Belgrade Fortress. Particular attention is paid to the already mentioned
blockhouse. Besides the monumental fortifications with new gates – triumphal arches, and the
rock-cut Big Gunpowder Magazine, the Great (‘Roman’) Well certainly represents one of the
most significant and innovative engineering ventures, which was to contribute to the grandeur
of the main fortress of the Habsburgs in the newly conquered regions. The text by Vladan
Zdravkovi} discusses the models followed by the builders of the Austrian well and sheds light
on the achievements of Marshal Vauban’s school of engineering.
9 FOREWORD
Marina Pavlovi} deals with the urban concept and architectonic features of the space in the
newly designed German Quarter. Besides the barracks of Prince Carl Alexander of Wurttem-
berg, the residential-military building which dominated the city, and the Masons’ Barracks,
erected for the needs of the engineering corps, the appearance of the German part of the city
on the Danube-facing slope was enlivened by Waldfortner’s house (subsequently the Bishop’s
Residence), the buildings of the Main Salt Storehouse, the Imperial Chamber’s Brewery, a row
of houses belonging to artisans and merchants – of which only one has survived to this day, at
10 Cara Du{ana Street – the building known as the ‘Black Eagle’ tavern, sacral buildings, schools
and hospitals.
Two contributions from the domain of material culture complete this book. The Europe-
anisation of Belgrade at the beginning of the eighteenth century is visible in the objects that its
inhabitants used each day and on special occasions. In the judgement of Vesna Biki}, the acces-
sibility of consumer goods, regardless of ethnic and social affiliation and financial status, made
it possible for Belgrade not only to become part of the Habsburg Central Europe but also to
adopt the (multi)cultural concept of a modern European city, into which it was supposed to
be ultimately transformed. Josip [ari} discusses the development of light infantry weapons and
the system of firing flintlock muskets from the perspective of making usable flints by chipping/
flaking, a technology that originated in prehistory.
Each scientific undertaking is a joint effort, and this one has been finished thanks to the
support and assistance of colleagues and friends. Over time, in the ‘Soldiers’ Kitchen’ in the
Lower Town of the Belgrade Fortress, a division of the Institute of Archaeology that houses
the documentation centre of the scientific research project on the Belgrade Fortress, a dynamic
atmosphere of study and dialogue was created, to which Marko Popovi} gave his unique im-
print in the course of the decades. His dedicated, inexhaustible spirit of research was also built
into this book in many ways.
Stefan Pop-Lazi}, Uglje{a Vojvodi} and Vladan Vidosavljevi} contributed to the illustrated
part of the book. Bojan Kova~evi} introduced us at the appropriate moment to Tihomir Di~i}
who enriched the book with technical drawings and reconstructions of buildings. Besides the
Belgrade City Museum, other cultural institutions supported the project and this publication
by providing illustrative material and objects from their collections, for which we owe them a
debt of gratitude.
We are also grateful to the institutions that enabled the realisation of the several year long
research of the Modern Age history of Belgrade and this publication. They are the Secretariat
for Culture of the Belgrade City Assembly, the Ministry of Culture and Information and the
Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development. The Deloitte d.o.o. Belgrade
company and its general manager, Mr Milo{ Macura, also gave us much needed support at a
crucial point.
We hope that, thanks to these contributions, the spaces and spirit of Baroque Belgrade, the
way they were conceived at the Habsburg Court and created in the twenty-odd years of Aus-
trian rule of the city, will become clearer, more palpable and appreciated than until now.
The Editor
38
Þ
MARKO POPOVI]
Baroque Reconstruction of Belgrade
The peaceful, 150-year development of to retain throughout the eighteenth and nine-
Belgrade as a Turkish æehir in the depths of the teenth centuries.
Ottoman Empire, far from war, was brought It was generally a clash of civilizations that
to a sudden end by the fateful events of the changed the appearance of the city and its for-
late seventeenth century. The abortive siege of tifications in accordance with their principles
Vienna in 1683 marked the beginning of the and needs. The existing Oriental æehir was
breakdown of Ottoman power in Central transformed into a Baroque fortified city, only
Europe. Following a series of Turkish defeats, to be readapted to the Turkish way of life
the focus of war operations quickly shifted when it once again fell under Ottoman rule
towards Belgrade, which thus reassumed its (figs. 16, 17).
former military strategic significance. During the decades-long military conflict,
For Turkey, whose loss of Buda and large the conquest of Belgrade in 1717 resounded
territories in the north forced her to defend throughout Europe as a major success of
her remaining holdings in Europe at all costs, Austria and, in a broader sense, as a victory of
Belgrade was the key stronghold, which was to Christianity in its centuries-long clash with
stop any further advance of Austrian forces Islam. The entire area of northern Serbia was
and serve as the base for her campaigns aimed quickly seized after extended military opera-
at recapturing the lost northern territories. tions and there were plans for further advance
For Austria, Belgrade became the key strong- southwards. However, due to a Spanish inva-
hold in her defence of the newly conquered sion of Habsburg holdings in Italy, Austria
territories and a base for further advance had to discontinue her successful campaigns
southwards. The clash of the great powers in against the Turks. Peace was concluded at
the territories at whose heart lay the city at the Passarowitz (Poàrevac) in the summer of
confluence of the Sava and the Danube rivers 1718, based on the principle of uti possidetis,
determined its future fate. Belgrade reassumed whereby Austria, in addition to other territo-
a primarily military strategic role, which it was ries, also gained Belgrade and northern Serbia.
39 BAROQUE RECONSTRUCTION OF BELGRADE
It was Austria’s most successful treaty ever sig- administration was appointed, with General
ned with the Turks.1 Joseph, Count of O’Dwyer at its head. The
In the new circumstances created by its issue of establishing a regular civilian adminis-
inclusion into Austria, Belgrade became ‘the tration of this territory, that is the ‘Kingdom
main border fortress’, which gave it special im- of Serbia’, was addressed two years later, in the
portance in line with its new role. For Austria autumn of 1720, when the so-called ‘Serbian
and the rest of Christian Europe, Belgrade was Administration’, headed by Prince Carl Alexan-
the key stronghold of defence against the der of Württemberg, was established. The
Turks and a base for further incursions into Administration of Serbia, as a crown land of the
Turkish holdings in Europe. Besides, in view of Habsburgs, was subordinated to the Imperial
its eastern expansion, the Catholic Habsburg War Council, whose president at the time was
Monarchy envisioned Belgrade as a strong cul- Prince Eugene of Savoy. One of its main tasks
tural, political and economic centre for the was the work on the reconstruction and con-
dissemination of Roman Catholicism and struction of Belgrade, to which end the Admi-
German colonisation. These goals directed nistration for Fortress Construction was found-
the further development of the city and drew ed.3 The first few years passed in the search for
it, admittedly for only a short time, into the the best solutions to the issue of transforming
orbit of European urban development of the Belgrade into a fortified Baroque city. A par-
era. The existing Oriental-style town with an ticular problem was that of procuring funds
outdated, albeit somewhat modernised, for- and materials for the implementation of this
tress stood in stark contrast with the new role ambitious undertaking, which initially greatly
of the city and the urban planning and fortifi- slowed down the works.
cation concepts prevailing in Europe during the Sizeable original material related to con-
Baroque epoque. It was evident for this reason struction and reconstruction works in Belgrade
that there was a need to undertake a compre- during Austrian occupation (1717–1739) is
hensive reconstruction of the conquered town kept in the Vienna War Archives.4 Of particu-
and transform it into a Baroque fortified city. lar significance are the plans and projects that
This involved reconstruction of the fortress as make it possible to follow their progress
an exclusively military structure, designing a almost step by step and analyse the designs
town laid out on a grid pattern and protected employed. According to these documents, the
by bastioned fortifications, and construction works were carried out in two main stages.
of outworks as part of a unified defence sys- During the first stage, which lasted until 1723,
tem. In order for this massive project to be preparations were made for implementing the
carried out, extensive preparations had to be plan of the construction of the city and its for-
conducted first, from organising the adminis- tifications, which was done during the next,
tration of the newly conquered lands, to second stage.5
designing programs and projects, to securing Initially, the work on the reconstruction of
funds for the planned works.2 the existing Belgrade fortifications and the
Immediately upon the conquest of north- construction of new ones was directed by the
ern Serbia and Belgrade, a provisional military renowned fortification engineer, Colonel de
1 For more on the Austrian rule of Belgrade, see I. To~anac Radovi}, in the present book, pp. 12–37.
2 Popovi} M., Beogradska tvr|ava (drugo dopuweno izdawe), 211.
3 Veselinovi}, Ratovi Turske i Austrije, 536; [kalamera, Planovi barokne rekonstrukcije Beograda, 13–18.
4 Popovi} M., Projekti Nikole Doksata de Moreza, 39–58.
5 Idem, Beogradska tvr|ava (drugo dopuweno izdawe), 226–243.
40 MARKO POPOVI]
Fig. 16. Restitution of the plan of Belgrade, c. 1700

(author: Marko Popovi}; technical drawing: architect Tihomir Di~i})
Boeff. Some time later, he was succeeded by there were also accusations of embezzlement.
Major Nicolas Suly, the author of the first For this reason, the authorities started search-
detailed building project for Belgrade’s new ing for the best solutions regarding the
fortifications, including the ramparts defend- defence of the city and an overall reconstruc-
ing the two outer quarters. The realization of tion of the existing urban structure. Several
the project began as early as the second half of different projects were submitted by 1723.
1718. The initial stage only included repairs Some of them were produced by renowned
and extensions of the Upper and Lower Town fortification engineers of the era, including
fortifications which the Turks had erected at Colonel Montani, head of the Vienna Military
the end of the seventeenth century according Academy. Finally, the Imperial War Council
to plans of the Venetian military engineer, accepted the project submitted by Colonel
Andrea Cornaro. However, the construction Nicolas Doxat de Morez who was thereafter
of new fortifications based on Major Suly’s also appointed director of defensive system con-
project was discontinued already at the begin- struction and city reconstruction. The reali-
ning of 1721 because of Prince Alexander of zation of this project, unlike previous ones, was
Württemberg’s dissatisfaction. Many objec- approached much more judiciously. Before the
tions were raised against Suly’s project and project was implemented, thorough geodetic
Fig. 17. Restitution of the plan of Belgrade, 1739, after Austrian reconstruction
(author: Marko Popovi}; technical drawing: architect Tihomir Di~i})
surveying of Belgrade and its broader vicinity of the French Marshal and military engineer
had been conducted.6 The task was performed Marshal Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban. The
by a group of engineers headed by Prince Ale- construction of the complex city fortifications
xander of Württemberg’s adjutant, Captain was to be accompanied by an overall recon-
Aman. This made it possible to adapt the struction of the city, whose urban structure
design of new fortifications and the city as a was to be changed entirely as its population
whole to the actual relief of Belgrade, which was now of a different religious affiliation and
was not the case with most previous projects. ethnicity. During Austrian rule, Belgrade was
The reconstruction and transformation of divided into three administrative units – the
Belgrade into a fortified Baroque city focused Fortress, the German Quarter, and the Serbian
primarily on building a series of defensive Quarter. The two quarters were organized as
works. This rather complex and expensive municipalities, which were further divided
undertaking had to follow the latest fortifica- into neighbourhoods. Along with military
tion models for the construction of bastioned authorities, there were also civilian and eccle-
artillery fortifications, based on the methods siastical ones. This type of organisation and
6 [kalamera, Mapa jednog dela Beogradskog distrikta, 43–66.

42 MARKO POPOVI]
Fig. 18. Design for Belgrade’s new defences by Nicolas Doxat de Morez, 1723–1725
(British Library London, sig. HJ 35)
subordination was also reflected in the plan- fortified part of the city that housed its main
ned changes of the city’s urban structure. The institutions along with a small segment of the
existing network of streets and Oriental-style population.
buildings were to be replaced by a predeter- On the whole, Doxat’s project offered a
mined grid street plan and new Baroque-style rather successful fortification and urban plan-
structures. ning solution. It fully observed the basic
Colonel Nicolas Doxat’s project contained intention of turning Belgrade into a fortified
exactly these basic city reconstruction compo- Baroque city with military, economic, admin-
nents (fig. 18). The Belgrade Fortress was to be istrative and other functions. Doxat’s project
the core of a comprehensive defence system was based on the so-called ‘first system’ of for-
that included fortifications around the two tification, designed by Marshal Vauban, which
quarters and also outworks on the respective was the acme of the development of European
left banks of the Sava and Danube rivers. In fortification. The planned system of Belgrade
keeping with Baroque urban planning princi- fortifications offered excellent potentials for
ples, the construction of new fortifications the defence of the city against attacks coming
also implied a thorough reconstruction of the from the inland side and the rivers.
The work on the realisation of Doxat’s Lower Town for the purpose of building an
project was carried out in stages, as did the underground gunpowder storage (now known
approval of its individual parts. The first of as the Big Gunpowder Magazine) to protect
these was the design of the new fortifications ammunition from artillery hits and possible
of the Belgrade Fortress. It was completed and explosion. Work also started on repairing old
then approved by the Imperial War Council fortifications and construction of new ones
no later than the first half of 1723. When this based on Major Suly’s designs, but it was soon
part of the project had been approved, it start- discontinued. Major repairs were done to the
ed being implemented in June of the same ravelin before the King Gate, where an entire-
year.7 The rest of the project, which applied to ly new western face was constructed. The
outworks and fortification and urban struc- repairs also included those done in the eastern
ture of the two quarters, was completed in the corner of the Upper Town, where part of a
following two years and approved by the curtain wall, built at the end of the seven-
Imperial War Council on April 30, 1725.8 teenth century, had collapsed due to artillery
bombardment. A blockhouse with a sizeable
latrine was incorporated into the bay, proba-
Belgrade Fortress bly as a temporary solution, as it does not seem
to have been planned originally. The work
During the Austrian siege of Belgrade in 1717, that started on fortification traces was discon-
the fortifications of the Belgrade Fortress, tinued soon after Suly’s design had been aban-
which the Turks had rebuilt at the end of the doned, not later than 1722, and some parts
seventeenth century according to plans drawn were demolished.
up by Andrea Cornaro, were not too severely According to Doxat’s design, the mainstay
damaged. The structures that sustained the of defence was the Belgrade Fortress at the
most damage were the ones in the Lower heart of a larger fortification system (fig. 19).
Town, due to an explosion in the Turkish gun- The idea was to enclose the main fortified core,
powder magazine housed in the former cara- i.e., the Upper and Lower Town, with a system
vanserai of Sultan Süleyman. The first task the of new bastioned traces, which implied demo-
Austrian garrison had to perform involved lition of the entire unfinished bastioned front
clearing the debris and providing accommoda- built by the Turks at the end of the seven-
tion for the troops. This was followed by pre- teenth century. In this area, which was to
parations for the reconstruction of the fortifi- defend the easiest access to the fortress, a new
cations even before the basic defence concepts south-eastern front was constructed. It con-
were adopted. In this period, i.e., between sisted of two half bastions with orillons and
1718 and 1720, large-scale land levelling works receded flanks, where six cannon batteries
were conducted in the Upper and Lower were to be positioned. The two half bastions
Town as part of preparations for the erection were connected to the main gate of the fortress
of new structures. During these years, the (at the location of the present-day Stambol
Upper Town witnessed the beginning of the Gate) by a curtain with a large ravelin in front.
construction of two new barracks and soon In the Lower Town, a large bastioned front
thereafter of a well (now known as the Great, was built at the former harbour, which thus
or Roman, Well) in order to secure a supply of became a closed naval port. Both of these bas-
water in case of siege. Excavation began in the tioned fronts were connected by curtains and
7 Stefanovi} Vilovski, Beograd, 1717–1739, 273.

8 Information found in plan KAW. Sig G I b 29; see Popovi} M., Projekti Nikole Doksata de Moreza, 48–49, sl. 2.
44 MARKO POPOVI]
half bastions on the eastern side, whereas sev- south-east of Europe, which was assigned a key
eral terraced half bastions were built on the role in the showdown with the Turks, were to
Sava-facing slope. A deep ditch was formed in display the power of an expanding state and a
front of the main bastioned trace. Outside of military power ready for further conquests.
it was an outer line of defence, consisting of Unfortunately, the appearance of Belgrade’s
counterguards with lunettes and a covered Baroque gates can now only be conjectured on
way with glacises. the basis of the ones that have survived in the
New gates were paid special attention in ramparts of the Upper and Lower Town, as all
the design of the new Belgrade fortifications. the others in the bastioned traces of the
The richly decorated gate façades, reflecting fortress and the two quarters were demolished
the desire to display the power of the ruler and already in 1739–1740. The appearance and
the force of weapons, were a prominent feature stylistic features of the fortress gates can now
of European artillery fortifications in the six- be gleaned from the surviving Leopold’s and
teenth to eighteenth centuries. This is partic- King Gates in the Upper Town and the Gate
ularly evident in the monumental portals of of Charles VI in the Lower Town. The origi-
fortress and city gates, erected to glorify the nal appearance of the façade of the Water Gate
ruler, which actually symbolically functioned I, which was demolished in 1942, can be reli-
as triumphal arches. For this reason, Belgrade’s ably reconstructed from surviving documen-
Baroque gates should also be viewed in that tation.9
context. The decorative elements of the archi- The most monumental among them is the
tecture of the Empire’s main fortress in the gate in the north-eastern rampart of the Lower
Fig. 19. Belgrade Fortress after Austrian reconstruction in 1739, 3D restitution

(author M. Popovi})
Town, dedicated to Emperor Charles VI (fig. Leopold’s Gate are similar in style to the works
20). Both of its façades were built in the Baro- of Balthazar Neumann, one of Germany’s best
que style. The outer, somewhat rustic façade, known Baroque architects.15 Important in this
featuring war trophies and the monogram of regard is the fact that Neumann stayed in Bel-
Emperor Charles VI, was conceived as a tri- grade for over a year immediately after the con-
umphal arch. The inner façade, surmounted quest of the city. During his stay, he worked as
by a semi-circular pediment bearing a coat of a military engineer and, for this reason, his
arms of the Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia, that participation in the work on Belgrade gates
is, a boar’s head pierced with an arrow,10 was must not be ignored. He may also have been
much more successfully designed style-wise. It involved in producing the design for the Great
symbolised a portal – triumphal arch at the Well in the Upper Town.16
entrance to the newly conquered land’s capital Unlike the fortifications of the Belgrade
city, emphasising the power and triumph of its Fortress, which have all been built according
new ruler, the emperor, and his new crown to Nicolas Doxat’s designs, his ambitious plans
land, the Kingdom of Serbia.11 for the erection in the area of the Upper and
In the Upper Town fortifications, two gates Lower Town of structures intended for the
with preserved Baroque portals have survived accommodation of troops and, probably, also
on minor routes. The façade arch of the much of some of the administrative staff of the King-
more modest gate dedicated to Emperor Leo- dom of Serbia, were realized only in part. Even
pold, during whose reign Belgrade had first though construction of some of these buildings
come under Austrian rule, is stylistically kin- had commenced before the approval of the
dred to the Gate of Charles VI in the Lower final design, the construction of new bastio-
Town.12 Somewhat different and perhaps ned traces seems to have been a priority. Two
more sumptuous is the portal of the add-on to barracks with elongated floor plans, whose
the King Gate, at the western approach to the construction started soon after the Austrians
Upper Town, stylistically related to the façade had taken Belgrade, were completed in the
of the guardhouse above the inner section of Upper Town. Built next to them was a new
the gate.13 building of the Main Guard, which, in all like-
It has not been reliably established who lihood, also housed the Fortress Command
designed the Baroque façades of the surviving Post. In the immediate vicinity of the said bar-
gates of the Belgrade Fortress. It has been racks, in the eastern corner of the Upper Town,
observed that they bear the features of the a new gunpowder magazine was built. Con-
German Baroque with a substantial number of currently with the construction of these new
Italian, more specifically Tuscan, elements.14 structures, work resumed on digging the
The designs of the Gate of Charles VI, partic- Great Well, completed successfully in 1731.17
ularly its eastern side, and of the portal of A new water supply line was built for the

10 Idem, Beogradska tvr|ava (prvo izdawe) 176, n.135; Idem, Kapija cara Karla VI u Beogradu, 9–25.
11 Uzelac, Balthazar Neumann i Barokni Beograd, 31.
12 Popovi} M., Leopoldova kapija Beogradske tvr|ave, 35–52.
13 Idem, Kraq kapija Beogradske tvr|ave, 9–38.
14 Vasi}, Barok u Beogradu 1718–1739. godine, 618–619.
15 Ibid., 609; Uzelac, Balthazar Neumann i Barokni Beograd, 33.
16 Ibid., 31–34.
17 Popovi} M., Veliki bunar Beogradske tvr|ave, 31–36.
46 MARKO POPOVI]
Fig. 20. Gate of Charles VI in the Lower Town, 1942 photo

(Documentation of Belgrade City Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments)
purpose of supplying the Upper Town better. Rampart was concurrently filled.21 Thus, the
The line ended in the cistern of the former comparatively level plateau of the Lower
drinking fountain of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha.18 Town was formed and the following struc-
In addition to these more important structures were built on it between 1723 and 1736:
tures on the Upper Town plateau, there was a large arsenal,22 an artillery barracks,23 and
certainly a whole series of temporary build- two buildings for storing food with a bakery.24
ings, which are not shown on the plans from Construction of an infantry barracks was also
the period. commenced in the same period, but it was not
Unlike the Upper Town, the Lower Town completed.25 A smaller gunpowder magazine,
witnessed much more construction work dur- similar to the one in the Upper Town, was built
ing Austrian rule. Between 1718 and 1721, the in the immediate vicinity of the South Gate of
Big Gunpowder Magazine was dug into the the Lower Town.
rocky Danube-facing slope according to Major The work on the new bastioned traces of
Suly’s design.19 This spacious and very safe the fortress lasted around thirteen years and
gunpowder storage comprises two chambers was completed in 1736, which was symbolically
with nine columns each. Outside the cham- marked by affixing a commemorative plaque
bers is a corridor with a massive outer wall and to the Gate of Emperor Charles VI in the
a ceiling made with bricks. The construction Lower Town.26 According to Doxat’s design,
of this facility, which lasted only three years, there remained to be built a whole series of new
was a huge engineering feat. Functionally, the structures for the needs of the fortress garri-
Big Gunpowder Magazine was very successful son, including a garrison chapel, but none of
and by all means represented a special achieve- this was done by 1739.
ment in the development of fortification The construction of outworks on the left
architecture at the time. bank of the Sava began concurrently with the
Before the construction of new buildings work on the fortifications of the Belgrade
on the Lower Town plateau started, land lev- Fortress, but at a much slower rate. By mid-
elling works were conducted and debris and 1720, only the foundations had been laid and
all older structures were removed. The existing the work was probably suspended already the
land contour, gently sloping and with a low, following year. The fate of the construction of
floodable riverside, unchanged since medieval outworks on the left bank of the Danube was
times, no longer complied with the new requ- similar. It seems that only earthworks had
irements. After the year 1723, in order that the been conducted there by the mid-1721. These
area might be levelled and somewhat expan- outworks featured in Doxat’s design as well,
ded, the slope was cut20 in the area towards the but were never built during Austrian rule over
East Gate and the belt next to the Riverside Belgrade.
18 Idem, Beogradska tvr|ava (drugo dopuweno izdawe), 225, sl. 127.

19 Proti}, Putovawe kroz Srbiju, 620.
20 Information found in plan BLL, Sig. HJ 35.
21 Popovi} M., Biki}, Kompleks sredwovekovne mitropolije, 39–44.
22 Plan KAW, Sig. G VII 11–421.
25 Popovi} M., Beogradska tvr|ava (prvo izdawe), 171, n. 107–110.
26 Birta{evi}, Jedan novi dokument o kapiji Karla VI, 121; cf. Popovi} M., Utvr|ene sredwovekovne kapije, n. 34.
48 MARKO POPOVI]
Fortified town The comprehensive programme for the

transformation of Belgrade into a fortified
At the time of the Austrian conquest, Bel- Baroque city included a substantial reduction
grade was a developed Oriental commercial of the area of the former Turkish æehir, partic-
æehir, structurally in total contrast with the ularly of its part on the Sava-facing slope. The
function of a European fortified city and the new alignment of bastioned fortifications
prevailing Baroque urban planning concepts. intersected the existing urban structure, with
This necessitated a reconstruction of the entire the result that only a little over one-half of the
city in addition to the construction of the new former Serbian Quarter remained.
fortifications. For the purpose of effecting a Work on the construction of fortifications
total transformation of its existing urban and around the quarters started after Colonel
physical structure and contents, the city was Doxat’s design had been approved in 1725.
divided into separate Serbian and German The beginning of this engineering undertak-
neighbourhoods, that is, the Sava and the ing was marked by a ceremony of laying of the
Danube Quarters. Soon after the conquest of foundation stone at 6 a.m. on June 18 of that
1717, almost the entire demographic structure year in the presence of Prince Alexander of
of the population changed. Mostly German Württemberg.28 It was a massive undertaking,
settlers and a smaller number of other Catho- which required building a rather complex bas-
lics of other ethnicities replaced the Muslim tioned trace, whose inland side was over 2,500
inhabitants that had fled Belgrade. Most of metres long and the sides facing the rivers
the Serbs already living there and those that around 1,500 metres (fig. 21). Besides, an
had just moved in were supposed to live in the almost entirely new city with a new network
newly formed Lower Sava Quarter and others of streets was to be built in the thus defended
in the Upper Quarter. No Serbs were allowed area. Such a huge engineering enterprise
to live in the part of the city on the Danube- required a large number of builders and a lot
facing slope, which was incomparably larger of time and money. It is not known what the
than the one on the Sava-facing slope. Already deadline was for the completion of Doxat’s
the first Austrian census of the German, or project, which was discontinued after twelve
Danube, Quarter from 1718 records 500 new- years. During that time, the fortifications sur-
comer families, categorised by neighbour- rounding the quarters were mostly completed.
hoods, which indicates that a new spatial divi- Based on the maps from 1739 and 1740 men-
sion of the quarter had already been in place. tioned above, it is possible to establish with
As the quarter had not suffered much damage confidence that only the main defensive bas-
during the 1717 siege, most of the existing tioned line had been constructed before the
buildings were initially used for the accommo- disruption of the work. It began on the bank
dation of troops and new settlers. It is evident of the Sava, ran down the present-day streets
from a rather detailed Austrian census of the of Kosan~i}ev Venac, Topli~in Venac and
Danube Quarter from 1728 that, out of the Obili}ev Venac and went up to the modern
total of 1,375 buildings, only 85 were newly Republic Square, where the main city gate
built ones, whereas all the others had been stood, at the starting point of the famous
there before.27 Constantinople Road.29 The bastioned trace
27 [kalamera, Popovi} M., Urbani razvoj Dor}ola, 229.

28 Information found in plan BLL. Sig HJ 35, ad h.
29 It was only after this manuscript was completed and prepared for publication that part of the foundation of this, i.e. Württemberg’s Gate
appeared in the course of reconstruction of Republic Square.
30 Popovi} M., Beogradska tvr|ava (prvo izdawe), 173, n. 115.
continued down the Danube-facing slope fol- eight bastions connected by curtain walls and
lowing the routes of the present-day Francuska, bearing the names of eight Catholic saints.30
Gunduli}ev Venac and Dunavska Streets and There was a ravelin in front of each curtain
ended at the bank of the Danube. On its in- wall. All the ravelins had been completed be-
land side, this main bastioned trace comprised fore the discontinuation of the works but had
Fig. 21. Belgrade in 1739

(Vienna War Archives, sig. H IIId 1410)
50 MARKO POPOVI]
not been filled with earth.31 Only parts of the town, at the edge of the esplanade outside the
ditch in front of the first defensive line had fortress, were to be formed by the first blocks
been completed. of buildings along the route of present-day
Construction of the fortifications of the Pariska, Rige od Fere, and Jevrejska Streets. The
outer line of defence, which, according to the plan was to demolish all of the old mahalle
design, were to consist of counterguards with neighbourhoods bordering the expanded espla-
lunettes and a covered way with glacises, had nade, as well as other buildings, such as the
not even started before the discontinuation of Yeni Han and Çizme Han inns. It was also
the works. Four gates were incorporated into planned to pull down the Jewish mahalle and
the main bastioned trace on the routes of the the synagogue in it, but these buildings made
main roads, which correspond to the routes of from solid materials were not demolished and
the present-day streets of Dunavska (Temesvár, no Jews were displaced.
or Smederevo, Gate), Cara Du{ana (Imperial, As already noted, regardless of later recon-
later Vidin, Gate), Vasina (Württemberg’s, later struction plans, all of the solidly built Turkish
Stambol, Gate), and Kara|or|eva ([abac Gate). buildings were initially used for accommoda-
On the Sava-facing slope, only an earth ram- tion. Alterations dictated by demographic and
part was built instead of the originally desig- religious changes are evident in the use of for-
ned one made from solid materials.32 It fea- mer mosques as churches by Catholic monas-
tured the Petrovaradin Gate, which faced the tic orders and new settlers. One of the most
pontoon bridge on the Sava in the direction of important among them, Yahya Pasha Mosque,
Zemun. On the Danube-facing slope, only was given to Franciscan monks, who converted
three small bastions were built to defend the it into the Church of the Assumption in 1721.
Danube Quarter,33 whereas the originally In addition to the mosque, the Franciscans were
designed rampart was replaced by a palisade. also given other buildings within the complex
The project of the urban reconstruction of for the needs of their monastery, including the
the town, whose reconstruction began at the old madrasa and two türbe mausoleums. One
same time as the construction of fortifications of the mausoleums was turned into the
around the quarter, envisioned a total makeover Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre. In 1730, con-
of the network of streets. The streets were to be struction began within this complex of a new
straight, broader and intersect at right angles, monastery church, dedicated to St. John of
that is, at an angle dictated by the location of Capistrano.34
the fortress fortifications and those surround- The former Æehitlik Mosque was given to
ing the quarter. The design envisioned con- Trinitarian monks, who turned it into a
struction of blocks of buildings joined togeth- church and used nearby houses for their accom-
er on the side facing the street. According to modation.35 The neighbouring Zeynüddin
Doxat’s design, not only were many of the Agha Mosque was converted into an Arme-
alleys to be straightened, but many were also to nian Catholic church, whereas across the city,
be eliminated in order to make room for large in the Sava Quarter, the famous Defterdar
blocks of houses. The limits of the fortified Mosque became a Spanish church.36 The
31 Information found in plan MGB, Inv. no. I1 325, ad 5.

32 Information found in plan KAW. Sig. H III d 1416, ad. c
33 Popovi} M., Beogradska tvr|ava (prvo izdawe), 173–174, n. 119.
35 Popovi} D., Gra|a za istoriju Beograda, popis br. 106–110, 153.
36 \uri}-Zamolo, Beograd kao orijentalna varo{ pod Turcima, 31–32.
Bayrakli Mosque, the only mosque that has the Governor of Serbia, Prince Charles
survived to this day, became the parish church Alexander of Württemberg. In the process of
of German Belgrade. Along with minor repairs, its adaptation to a new purpose after the year
an altar apse was added to it.37 The Franciscan 1720, the complex also received a new, de-
order of Friars Minor was given Kizlar Agha tached kitchen building. A beautiful park with
Mosque to use as a monastery.38 In 1732, Jesuits, a regular geometric network of paths, which
who were granted the use of several Turkish survived in the urban tissue of Belgrade until
buildings, including a mosque, soon after the the end of the eighteenth century, was formed
year 1717, started building a new monastery in in front of the residence.43
the immediate vicinity of the former Pirinç In addition to the adaptation of old build-
Han inn. A school was also being built within ings, construction of new structures began in
the monastic complex concurrently with the the Danube Quarter a few years after the
monastery. The foundation stone of the Jesuit establishment of Austrian rule. Based on com-
church, with a charter inscribed on a lead parative analyses of cartographic sources, the
plate, was discovered at the end of the nine- preserved List of Buildings in the Danube Bel-
teenth century at the site of present-day 39–41 grade from 1728,44 and earlier field research, it
Cara Uro{a Street.39 Other solidly built mos- is possible to identify some of the newly con-
ques served as storehouses, whereas one of structed buildings. Several designs for new
them, Ahmed Agha’s Mosque in the Long buildings in Belgrade, only a small number of
Bazaar, was used for theatrical performances.40 which have been analysed, are kept in the Aus-
Capuchin monks started building their mona- trian Court Chamber Archives. It remains for
stery, surrounded by a garden, at a previously future researchers to study the designs, which
unoccupied site, next to the newly built bas- will certainly provide a more comprehensive
tion trace, but it was not completed by 1739. insight into the size of the Baroque recon-
Besides mosques, large, solidly built inns struction and help locate all newly built struc-
either retained their old purpose or assumed a tures with greater precision.
new one, depending on the new needs. The Even though there was some building acti-
former Yeni Han inn, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha’s vity in the Danube Quarter during the first
caravanserai, retained its purpose, whereas the years following the occupation of the city, it
Çizme Han was used to accommodate the intensified only after Colonel Doxat’s project
craftsmen working on the construction of for- had been approved. Thus, already in 1724, one
tifications.41 The former Pirinç Han seems to of the first undertakings involved a recon-
have assumed a new purpose after a compre- struction of the Long Bazaar (present-day
hensive reconstruction.42 A luxurious inn Cara Du{ana Street). For this reason a large
with several buildings, built for a prominent number of old buildings were demolished in
Turk, where Prince Eugene of Savoy stayed order to straighten and widen the street. It
after taking the city, became the residence of may be assumed that it was in this area that the
37 Popovi} D., Gra|a za istoriju Beograda, popis br. 163, 241.

39 Valtrovi}, Kamen temeqac jedne jezuitske crkve, 123–127.
40 Popovi} D., Gra|a za istoriju Beograda, 153–156.
41 Ibid., 840–841.
42 Veselinovi}, Neka pitawa iz pro{losti Beograda, 107–111.
44 Popovi} D., Gra|a za istoriju Beograda, 112–282.
52 MARKO POPOVI]
Fig. 22. Imperial Chamber’s Brewery,

restitution of the original plan from the
Financial and Court Chamber Archives,
Vienna (sig. N-047/1-3)
(author: architect Tihomir Di~i})
construction of new residential buildings much information on them. One of them was
began. Based on the surviving original docu- probably the building of the former Kod crnog
mentation,45 it can fairly reliably be assumed orla (Black Eagle) tavern, on the corner of
that erected there by 1727 were seven new res- present-day Cara Du{ana and Kapetan Mi{ina
idential buildings, whose location corresponds Streets, which was demolished in the 1950s.47
to the present-day plots at 8–18 Cara Du{ana The most representative and by all means
Street. Only one building has survived to this the largest Baroque edifice in Austrian
day, namely, the one at number 10, but it has Belgrade was Alexander’s Barracks (also called
been greatly redesigned. Its structure entirely Württemberg’s Palace), erected in the area of
reflects the Baroque architecture of the time.46 the former Turkish cemetery, between present-
In addition to these, other buildings were day Zmaj Jovina Street and Republic Square.
erected along the Long Bazaar, but there is not All four façades of this monumental two-storey
45 Ibid., List Nos. 1113–1121, pp. 112–282.

46 [kalamera, Popovi} M., Najstarija sa~uvana ku}a u Beogradu, 27–40.
47 Pavlovi}, Jedna od najstarijih o~uvanih gra|evina u Beogradu, 273–278.
Fig. 23. Main Salt Storehouse in the Danube Quarter

(Financial and Court Chamber Archives, Vienna, sig. Q b 31/1-2)
edifice were fashioned in the spirit of the inner courtyard and, in all likelihood, it was a
Baroque. Records show that it accommodated one-storey edifice. According to a property
twelve infantry battalions and, from 1726, the census taken soon after its completion, the
court of Prince Charles Alexander as well. In building had fifty rooms and fifteen kitchens.49
front of the Palace was an empty lot that served Some of the more important economic
for training and mustering troops.48 facilities in the Danube Quarter included the
Another big edifice was the Masons’ Bar- Imperial Chamber’s Brewery (fig. 22) and the
racks, erected in 1727 for the accommodation Main Salt Storehouse (fig. 23). The construc-
of the engineering troops engaged in building tion of the brewery started in 1724 in the area
fortifications. It was located at the end of the of the former Turkish cemetery. It spread over
former Turkish cemetery on the fortress-facing the entire area of the newly built block bet-
side, in the immediate vicinity of the former ween present-day Jevrejska, Solunska, Bra}e
Musalla. It had a rectangular floor plan with an Baruh, and Visokog Stevana Streets, whose
48 Vasi}, Barok u Beogradu, 573–584.

49 Popovi} D., Gra|a za istoriju Beograda, 265; Vasi}, Barok u Beogradu, 576.
54 MARKO POPOVI]
shape on the city plan has remained nearly un- demolished due to the construction of city
changed to this day.50 Its former appearance fortifications.55 Of the old buildings built
can be reconstructed in its entirety from the from solid materials, only the Defterdar Mos-
original plans, kept in the Austrian Court que seems to have been spared and initially
Chamber Archives.51 It was a one-level build- served as a storehouse,56 only to be converted
ing made from solid materials. It had an irreg- to a church at a later date and given to the
ular trapezoidal floor plan and an inner court- Spaniards from the ranks of the imperial
yard. A vaulted cellar ran almost the entire troops. The former Serbian Cathedral Church
length of the building, and there was also a of Archangel Michael and the house that
loft over the south wing. served as the seat of the Belgrade metropolitan
Initially, several already existing buildings were demolished as a consequence of the con-
and a mosque housed the Imperial Salt Office struction of the new bastioned traces. Only a
and salt storehouse.52 A new salt storehouse few blocks of buildings, laid out on a grid street
was built in a new block opposite the Imperial plan, featured in the project of the Baroque
Brewery, in a section of the Turkish cemetery.53 reconstruction of the area of the Sava-facing
In addition to single-level salt storehouses and slope. The new ramparts enclosed only its
auxiliary rooms, the inner courtyard featured smaller part, the one around the present-day
a two-level building with flats for the conces- Cathedral Church, referred to by the city
sionaire, controller, officer in charge of salt Administration as Raitzen Stadt (Serbian
distribution, and gauger.54 Quarter), as opposed to the much larger Deut-
In addition to the designs for the buildings sche Stadt (German Quarter) on the Danube-
erected by 1739, there are also designs for facing slope.57 Due to the massive demolition
buildings that were not built, but only some of that included not only the metropolitan’s resi-
them have been studied so far. The planned dence, but also the old church, the only one
construction of a new parish church, on a plot the Serbs had in Belgrade, Metropolitan Moj-
located approximately on the corner of pres- sej (Mojsije) asked the Imperial War Council
ent-day Vi{nji}eva and Gospodar Jovanova to designate a location for new buildings that
Streets, was never undertaken. The same was would be erected to replace the demolished
the case with a new residence for the Roman ones. Owing to this intervention, already in
Catholic bishop, which was to be built in the 1726 Nicolas Doxat produced a design for the
area of present-day Students’ Square. It would new location of the cathedral church and met-
have been a representative, two-storey edifice ropolitan’s residence. Following the design,
with decorative Baroque façades on the corner the new church was built in the area of the for-
of two new streets. mer Serbian cemetery, not far from the site of
Unlike the area on the Danube-facing slope, the demolished church, on the same spot
the one on the Sava-facing slope, with its where the present-day Cathedral Church of
majority Serb population, was almost entirely Archangel Michael stands. A building site next

51 Hofkammerarchiv Wien (HKAW) sig. Ra 155, N47/1–3.
52 Popovi} D., Gra|a za istoriju Beograda, 199.
53 [kalamera, Popovi} M., Urbani razvoj Dor}ola, 235–237.
54 Hofkammerarchiv Wien (HKAW) sig. Q b 31/1–2.
55 Popovi} M., Prilog prou~avawu beogradske Srpske varo{i, 145–172.
56 \uri}-Zamolo, Beograd kao orijentalna varo{ pod Turcima, 31.
57 Popovi} D., Beograd pre 200 godina, 68–70.
to the church was designated for the metropo- The Lower Serbian Quarter was situated
litan’s residence and a Serbian school.58 Con- on the Sava-facing slopes between present-day
struction work started at once, but was done Kralja Milana, Sarajevska, and Vojvode Mi-
with great difficulty due to the limited funds lenka Streets. This new quarter was laid out
at the disposal of the Church and scanty vol- on a grid pattern. Two main streets constitut-
untary contributions made by believers. It was ed its chief coordinates, one parallel to the
only after more than ten years of intermittent bank of the Sava, coinciding with present-day
construction work that most of this sacral Sarajevska and Balkanska Streets, and the
complex, the spiritual centre of the Serbs in the other with present-day Nemanjina Street. The
territory of the Austrian Kingdom of Serbia, centre of the quarter with a square and a
was completed. church was situated near the corner of present-
day Nemanjina and Balkanska Streets, that is,
it occupied the largest section of the present-day
Suburbs park in Hajduk Veljkov Venac Street. From
there, the New Serbian Quarter stretched to
The work on the fortifications surrounding present-day Cvetni Square. Its main links with
the two quarters and the reconstruction of the fortified part of the city were Württem-
their urban structure resulted in the resettle- berg’s, or Constantinople Gate and the [abac
ment of a large section of their populations, Gate on the bank of the Sava.
which had not left Belgrade after the establish- There is no detailed information on the
ment of Austrian rule. The issue of the reset- internal structure of this Belgrade suburb. It
tlement of these people and providing accom- can be assumed that it was built as a typical
modation for some of the colonists that had unfortified colonial settlement, much like the
arrived from Habsburg lands necessitated the ones built in Vojvodina in the eighteenth
formation of suburban settlements not far century. In addition to residential buildings
from the outer line of fortifications. constituting urban blocks, the main square
A special suburb outside the fortifications, featured a church, a school and one or two
known as Raitzen Vorstadt (Serbian Suburb), drinking fountains.61 It was surrounded by
or Lower Serbian Quarter, was created for the vegetable gardens and vineyards and was open
Serbs who had to move out of their houses on for further expansion. The blocks comprised
the Sava-facing slope and for some of the inha- houses standing on fenced land lots. It may be
bitants of the German Quarter who had assumed that most of the houses had only the
moved out.59 Plans for the new suburb were ground floor and gable or tented roofs. It is
produced in 1723 or 1724, when people start- not known what the bazaar, which must have
ed settling there. The process of resettlement been situated next to the main square, looked
was nearly completed by 1726. A telling fact is like.
that already in June 1725 the newly settled There is more information on the church
inhabitants asked for permission to build a and the school next to it. According to the
new church, which means that this new part preserved documents, at the time of the con-
of the Serbian Quarter had already been well struction of the metropolitan’s residence, a new
populated.60 church, dedicated to St. John the Forerunner
58 Popovi} M., Kapija cara Karla VI u Beogradu, 157.

59 [kalamera, Beogradska Nova dowa varo{, 53–75.
60 Popovi} M., Prilog prou~avawu beogradske Srpske varo{i, 152.
61 [kalamera, Beogradska Nova dowa varo{, 62–63.
56 MARKO POPOVI]
Fig. 24. Georgije Stojanovi},

St. John the Forerunner, icon from the
church in the Lower Serbian Quarter, 1738
(City Museum of Novi Sad)
(fig. 24), was built in the Lower Serbian Quar- sentation on the surviving plans, it was about
ter. As early as June 1725, the residents of the 30 metres long and around 14 metres wide. It
new Serbian suburb asked the Imperial War was a post and petrail structure on stone foun-
Council for permission to build a new church. dations, covered with wood shingle. Its con-
The request was quickly granted, as evident struction seems to have taken a long time, as it
from a report Colonel Doxat sent to Vienna was completed only as late as 1734.63 It featured
in July 1726, wherein he states that ‘the con- an iconostasis, painted by Georgije Stojanovi},
struction of the Serbian church has begun’.62 a resident of the Lower Quarter, from January
The new church was an elongated, single-nave to May of 1737.64
structure, with a rectangular floor plan and a The school was situated in a corner of the
semi-circular altar apse. Judging by its repre- churchyard, at the intersection of the main
62 H. K. R. 1726, Juli 502. P. Exp., quoted from Stefanovi} Vilovski, Beograd, 1717–1739. This piece of information was wrongly inter-
preted by some scholars as referring to the construction of the new Cathedral Church, see [kalamera, Beogradska Nova dowa varo{, 55.
63 Popovi} D., Bogdanovi}, Gra|a za istoriju Beograda, 146–156; [kalamera, Beogradska Nova dowa varo{, 63–64.
64 Golubovi}, Georgije Stojanovi}, 11–13.
streets, and, together with the church, repre- Not far from this mosque, in present-day
sented the spiritual centre of the Lower Serbian Terazije Street, close to the Old Palace, (Stari
Quarter. According to available data, the dvor) was the solitary building of the military
school was a single-level, whitewashed wattle hospital. It was recorded that it was a beautiful
and daub building on wooden foundations.65 building, which had a square floor plan and
It featured a hearth room, built with stone and protruding corner overhangs, next to which
bricks, and glazed windows with shutters. was a spacious courtyard with three smaller
The other Belgrade suburb outside city for- buildings. It had two levels and a large number
tifications, Carls Thall, was built in the area of of rooms.67
present-day Palilula and was much smaller than
the Lower Serbian Quarter. According to
Doxat’s design, it was to have six large basic General assessment of
blocks of houses along a broad main street, the Baroque reconstruction of the city
approximately on the route of present-day
Kraljice Marije Streets. It was actually a thor- The original intention of Prince Eugene of
oughfare that coincided with an old route of Savoy to turn Belgrade into a fortified Baro-
communication that ran from the Long Bazaar que city, embodied in the design of Colonel
through the newly constructed Imperial Gate Doxat, was not entirely materialized by the
parallel to the Constantinople Road (present- end of Austrian rule. It is, therefore, difficult
day Kralja Aleksandra Boulevard), which it to talk about the importance and place of
joined at a later point. This new suburb, on Belgrade in comparison to fortified strong-
the gentle Danube-facing slope, was intended holds and cities of Europe at the time. Had the
for settlers coming from German lands. Little designed fortifications been completed, Bel-
is known about the structure of the suburb. It grade could have been ranked among the best
may be assumed that, the same as the New fortified European cities of the time. Never-
Serbian Quarter, it was a colonial-type settle- theless, at the time of the Turkish siege of 1739,
ment with single-level houses surrounded by Belgrade had the best military fortifications in
vegetable gardens. south-eastern Europe. This was particularly true
According to the projects for the Baroque of the fortifications of the Belgrade Fortress,
reconstruction of the city, the approach to the which were the only ones completed in their
fortified quarters along the old Constantinople entirety according to the design of Colonel
Road on the plateau of the Belgrade promonto- Nicolas Doxat de Morez. A scrutiny of its for-
ry was to be left undeveloped. The old urban tifications following the completion of the
structure that had remained outside the fortifi- work in 1736 clearly reveals harmony between
cations seems to have been pulled down in its the old and newly built sections, interconnec-
entirety, with the exception of the monumental ted into a single defensive system that had per-
Eynehan Bey Mosque, later known as Battal fectly utilised the advantages of the terrain. As
Mosque, situated on the Constantinople Road, such, the Belgrade Fortress was a very success-
not far from the present-day building of the ful example of the application of Vauban’s for-
National Assembly. Being an edifice made from tification methods and it may be said without
solid materials, it was used during Austrian rule any hesitation that it represented a significant
as a storehouse for military uniforms.66 achievement in the development of European
65 Popovi} D., Bogdanovi}, Gra|a za istoriju Beograda, 151.

67 Vasi}, Barok u Beogradu, 582.
58 MARKO POPOVI]
fortifications at the time.68 Compared to its at the Battle of Grocka, the Turks laid siege to
development in previous epochs, in this period the city and set up two siege lines by early
the Belgrade Fortress grew to its largest size ever August. They started bombarding the city
and was at its peak with respect to its defences, from these positions, but, due to the ineffi-
never to be repeated in subsequent times. Even ciency of Turkish artillery, some damage was
without outworks, the fortifications around the inflicted only on the Bastion of St. Elizabeth,
two quarters, of which only the main bastio- which was part of the fortifications enclosing
ned trace with ravelins was completed before the two quarters.71
the beginning of the Turkish siege, could have Because of their earlier failures and the
served its purpose efficiently, but not to the defeat in the immediate vicinity of Belgrade,
same extent as envisioned in the design of the Austrian military commanders became dispiri-
project.69 ted. As they no longer believed Belgrade could
As regards the extent of the reconstruction be defended, they started negotiating truce with
of the urban tissue of the two quarters, which the Turks and concluded it on September 1,
involved a grid street layout and construction 1739. According to the truce accord, Austria
of new buildings, it is still difficult to offer full had to surrender Belgrade, with the proviso
answers to this question. Our knowledge is that all the fortifications built after 1717 be
mostly based on a large number of city plans demolished. The old fortifications of the Bel-
from 1739 and a small number of published grade Fortress, barracks, arsenals, gunpowder
documents, all from the Vienna War Archives. magazines, and all public and private buildings
The massive unresearched material held by the in the city had to be returned to the Turks
institution will be the source of new informa- undamaged. It was also agreed that the unfin-
tion on the unfinished transformation of Bel- ished outworks on the left bank of the Sava be
grade into a fortified Baroque city. The new demolished as well. The bastioned trace around
urban typology, materialised only in part, to- the two quarters was to be demolished within
tally supplanted the one that preceded it, thus three months and the new fortifications of the
taking a step towards Western civilization and Belgrade fortress within six months. After the
Christianity’s dominance over Islam. This chan- completion of the demolition work, a peace
ge of culture, reflected in the structure of the treaty was signed in early June of 1740, and
city, has been a general characteristic and pecu- the Turks once again took possession of Bel-
liarity of the urban development of Belgrade, grade. Thus, Belgrade was surrendered almost
whose geographical location has imposed on it without a fight, a city that had for twenty
a medial role in the European cultural space.70 years been fortified and developed with huge
efforts in order to become the Habsburg
Monarchy’s main stronghold in its eastward
Turkish siege of 1739 expansion and Christian Europe’s main bul-
wark against Islam.72
The new Austro – Turkish war, which broke Before the Turks returned to Belgrade,
out in mid-1737, arrived at Belgrade’s ramparts almost all its inhabitants had left the city with
in the summer of 1739. After Austria’s defeat their movable property. The property of the
68 Popovi} M., Beogradska tvr|ava (prvo izdawe), 176, n. 139.

70 [kalamera, Popovi} M., Najstarija sa~uvana ku}a u Beogradu, 28–29.
71 Information found in plan KAW. Sig. H III d 1416.
72 Popovi} M., Beogradska tvr|ava (drugo dopuweno izdawe), 248–250.
Belgrade Metropolitanate was evacuated to defeated Christians, but also as an intention to

the territories north of the Sava and the Danube restore the city’s former Oriental character.
together with most of the Christian Orthodox The traces of the incomplete attempt of trans-
population. All the icons from the new icono- forming Belgrade into a fortified Baroque city
stasis of the Lower Quarter Church of St. John can hardly be observed in its present-day urban
were also transferred there.73 The re-establish- structure. In addition to the Belgrade Fortress,
ment of Ottoman rule was accompanied by which indirectly testifies to this ambitious
the demolition of newly built structures, as undertaking, the only surviving traces are re-
provided in the peace treaty, but that was not cognisable in the routes of some of the pres-
all. Unlike the fortress, where all the existing ent-day streets. The location of the former for-
buildings were spared, as they were needed to tifications enclosing the outer city is partly
accommodate troops, nearly all new buildings reflected in the routes of present-day Kosan~i-
in the outer city were pulled down because }ev Venac, Topli~in Venac and Obili}ev Venac
they did not meet Turkish needs. Among the Streets, as well as the plot of the Church of St.
first big buildings to be razed to the ground Alexander Nevsky, which totally mirrors the
were Alexander’s Barracks (Palace) and the shape of the ravelin in front of the Imperial,
Metropolitan’s Residence, whereas the new later Vidin, Gate, whereas the network of the
Cathedral Church, which was probably de- main Baroque Belgrade’s thoroughfares is attes-
spoiled, was spared. The church in the desert- ted by the routes of present-day Cara Du{ana
ed Lower Serbian Quarter was converted into and Kralja Petra Streets. Even though it has
a mosque. survived only in traces, the legacy of Baroque
The demolition of the Baroque edifices and Belgrade was used as a model for the construc-
urban structure shaped during the previous tion of the new Serbian city after the departure
two decades of Austrian rule, which had greatly of the Turks in mid-nineteenth century, when
changed the appearance of Belgrade, should be a step towards adopting European urban plan-
understood not only as a form of revenge on the ning practices of the time was taken.74
73Three icons from the iconostasis have been preserved in Novi Sad: two in the Matica Srpska Gallery and one in the Novi Sad City
Museum.
74 Josimovi}, Obja{wewe predloga za regulisawe ovog dela varo{i Beograda; Maksimovi}, Rekonstrukcija i pro{irewe grada,
307–312.
206
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Abbrevations
AZORUBSM = Arhivska zbirka Odeqewa retkosti Univerzitetske biblioteke „Svetozar

Markovi}” u Beogradu, Beograd
AISPKM = Arhiv za istoriju Srpske pravoslavne karlova~ke mitropolije, Sremski Karlovci
BG = Bogoslovski glasnik, Sremski Karlovci
VSC = Vesnik Srpske crkve
GGB = Godi{wak grada Beograda, Beograd
GIAV = Glasnik Istorijskog arhiva u Vaqevu, Vaqevo
GMGB = Godi{wak Muzeja grada Beograda, Beograd
GN^ = Godi{wica Nikole ûpi}a
GSKA = Glas Srpske kraqevske akademije
ZNM = Zbornik Narodnog muzeja u Beogradu, Beograd
I^ = Istorijski ~asopis, Beograd
JIH = The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
JMH = The Journal of Modern History, Chicago
LMS = Letopis Matice srpske, Novi Sad
NP = Na{a pro{lost, Kraqevo
PKJIF = Prilozi za kwièvnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor, Beograd
SS = Srpski Sion
SSAD = Starinar Srpskog arheolo{kog dru{tva, Beograd
SSKA = Spomenik Srpske kraqevske akademije, Beograd
^P = ôvjek i prostor
UB = Urbanizam Beograda, Beograd
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REPRODUCED ARTEFACTS ARE KEPT IN:
Archives of SASA, Sremski Karlovci
Austrian State Archives, Vienna / Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Wien
Belgrade City Museum
Berlin State Library / Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin
British Library, London
City Museum of Novi Sad
Financial and Court Chamber Archives, Vienna / Finanz- und Hofkammerarchiv, Wien
General Land Archives Karlsruhe – Landesarchiv Baden Württemberg / Generallandesarchiv, Karlsrue
Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade
Matica Srpska Library, Novi Sad
Museum of Pedagogy, Belgrade
Museum of the Serbian Orthodox Church, Belgrade
National Library of Serbia, Belgrade
National Museum in Belgrade
The Austrian Gallery Belvedere, Vienna /Österreichische Galerie Belvedere, Wien
University and State Library of Saxony-Anhalt, Halle (Saale) / Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt,
Halle (Saale)
Svetozar Markovi} University Library, Belgrade
Vienna War Archives / Kriegsarchiv, Wien
PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS:

Belgrade City Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments
Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade (Slavica Markovi}, Uglješa Vojvodi})
Miloš Juriši}’s photo documentation
PE Belgrade Fortress
Þ
CIP – Katalogizacija u publikaciji
Narodna biblioteka Srbije, Beograd
94(497.11 Beograd)"1717/1739"(082)
BAROQUE Belgrade : transformation 1717–1739 / [editor Vesna Biki} ; translated by Ivan Dela~]. – Belgrade : Institute of Archaeology :
Belgrade City Museum, 2019 (Belgrade : Birograf ). – 223 str. : ilustr. ; 25 cm. – (Monograph / [Institute of Archaeology] ; n° 70)
Nasl. izvornika: Barokni Beograd. – Deo teksta štampan dvostuba~no. – Tira` 500. – Str. 6–9: Foreword / Vesna Biki}. – List of Collaborators
and Their Affiliations: str. 222–223. – Napomene i bibliografske reference uz tekst. – Bibliografija: str. 207–221.
ISBN 978-86-6439-044-6 (IA)

ISBN 978-86-6433-020-6 (BCM)
a) Beograd – 1717–1739 – Zbornici

COBISS.SR-ID 275174156

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12 Belgrade Under Habsburg Rule 1717–1739

38 Baroque Reconstruction of Belgrade

74 Belgrade Metropolitans on the Baroque Stage

96 Beginnings of Baroque Military Architecture in the Belgrade Fortress

110 The Great Military (‘Roman’) Well in the Belgrade Fortress

130 Symbolism of German Belgrade’s Profane Architecture’s Narrative

THE RECEPTION OF THE BAROQUE HERITAGE IN BELGRADE IS A VERY

Baroque Reconstruction of Belgrade

Fig. 16. Restitution of the plan of Belgrade, c. 1700

6 [kalamera, Mapa jednog dela Beogradskog distrikta, 43–66.

7 Stefanovi} Vilovski, Beograd, 1717–1739, 273.

Fig. 19. Belgrade Fortress after Austrian reconstruction in 1739, 3D restitution

9 Idem, Beogradska tvr|ava (drugo dopuweno izdawe), 235–243.

Fig. 20. Gate of Charles VI in the Lower Town, 1942 photo

18 Idem, Beogradska tvr|ava (drugo dopuweno izdawe), 225, sl. 127.

Fortified town The comprehensive programme for the

27 [kalamera, Popovi} M., Urbani razvoj Dor}ola, 229.

Fig. 21. Belgrade in 1739

31 Information found in plan MGB, Inv. no. I1 325, ad 5.

37 Popovi} D., Gra|a za istoriju Beograda, popis br. 163, 241.

Fig. 22. Imperial Chamber’s Brewery,

45 Ibid., List Nos. 1113–1121, pp. 112–282.

Fig. 23. Main Salt Storehouse in the Danube Quarter

48 Vasi}, Barok u Beogradu, 573–584.

50 [kalamera, Popovi} M., Urbani razvoj Dor}ola, 235.

58 Popovi} M., Kapija cara Karla VI u Beogradu, 157.

Fig. 24. Georgije Stojanovi},

65 Popovi} D., Bogdanovi}, Gra|a za istoriju Beograda, 151.

68 Popovi} M., Beogradska tvr|ava (prvo izdawe), 176, n. 139.

Belgrade Metropolitanate was evacuated to defeated Christians, but also as an intention to

AZORUBSM = Arhivska zbirka Odeqewa retkosti Univerzitetske biblioteke „Svetozar

Agricola, De re metallica = G. Agricola (1494–1555), H. Hoover, De re metallica, “A complete and unchanged

Pavlovi}, Administrativna i crkvena politika = D. M. Pavlovi}, Administrativna i

[kalamera, Popovi} M., Najstarija sa~uvana ku}a u Beogradu = @. [kalamera, M. Popovi},

Kaltenberger, Die frühneuzeitliche Malhornware = A. Kaltenberger, Die Grabungen des Österreichischen

PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS:

ISBN 978-86-6439-044-6 (IA)

a) Beograd – 1717–1739 – Zbornici

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