1 Unit 15 Cities Language focus I. Pronunciation : /θ/ / ð / /θ/ / ð / throughthere throughthere theatrefather clothclothes breathbreathe tenthtogether.

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1 1 Unit 15 Cities Language focus I. Pronunciation : /θ/ / ð / /θ/ / ð / throughthere throughthere theatrefather clothclothes breathbreathe tenthtogether

2 2 Practise the sentences  Notes: */θ/: thought, Smith, thirty, three, Thursday, thirtieth, birthday, something, think, thin. */ ð / : brother, the, that, clothes, there.

3 3 Choose the underlined part which is differently pronounced from the others.  1.themmonthbathegather  2.weathermouthlengththing  3. threatentheirwhetherthough  4. truththumbthenstrength  5. thousandcloththrillerfeather

4 4 II. Grammar and vocabulary 1. Non- defining and defining relative clauses: Examples: The lady who lives next door is a teacher. The lady who lives next door is a teacher. We stayed at the hotel that you recommended. We stayed at the hotel that you recommended. My youngest brother, who lives in Hanoi, is a teacher. My youngest brother, who lives in Hanoi, is a teacher. We stayed at the King Hotel, which is very nice. We stayed at the King Hotel, which is very nice.

5 5Rules: Defining relative clause ( restrictive clause ) Non- defining relative clause ( non-restrictive clause) - To identify the noun before it. - That can be used. - “,” can’t be used. Eg: The flowers that you gave her are lovely. - To provide more information about the noun. - We use “,” before and after this kind of clause. - We can’t use that - Eg: Hanoi, - Eg: Hanoi, which is the capital of Vietnam, is very beautiful.

6 6 Exercise 1 Underline the relative clauses, indicate if they are defining (D) or non-defining (ND) and add a comma where required. Answers: 1….., which is located on the East Coast of the United States,… ND 2. …,which is located on the Granada` River,…. ND 3….., which has a population of nearly 20,000,000,…. ND 4. ….., which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics,….ND 5….., which used to be the capital of Japan,…. ND

7 7 More exercise Rewrite the sentences, using relative clauses. 1. We first went to Edinburgh. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. 2. Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories. 3. I sent you a postcard. It was written on the summit of Ben Nevis. 4. Our flight was delayed. This meant we had to wait three hours at the airport.

8 8 II. Grammar and vocabulary 2. Connecting contrasting ideas : Although Examples : * Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam. It is not the largest city of Vietnam. →Although Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam,it is not the largest city. * Although he had tried hard, he didn’t pass his driving test.

9 9 Rules : * We use although or though or even though to connect contrasting ideas. Though/ although/ even though + clause Though/ although/ even though + clause = despite the fact that + clause = despite/ in spite of + N phrase / V-ing Note : do not use BUT with although Eg: Even though he is a millionaire, he is very mean. In spite of being a millionaire, he is very mean. In spite of being a millionaire, he is very mean.

10 10 Exercise 2 Combine the sentences using although Answers: 1.Although there is not much to do in the countryside, I prefer living in there. 2. Although there is a lot of pollution in Los Angeles, it is an ideal place to live. 3.Although the shops are crowded, people are not buying much. 4. Although the city is a favourite tourist destination for many people, it has its problems. 5.Although it is a safe neighbourhood, it is best to be careful.

11 11 More practice Choose the best answers.Choose the best answers. 1.She will never stop working ….. she is very rich. a. despiteb. becausec. althoughd. so 2. The chemistry book….. was a little expensive. a. that I bought it b. I bought that c. what I bought d. I bought 3…the fact that she is young, she is given a high position. a. despiteb. althoughc. in spited. both a and c 4…..we are close friends, we’ve known each other for a short time. a. In spite of b. Although c. Despited. none is correct 5.They couldn’t go to the party, …was a pity. a. thatb. whichc. whatd. both a and b

12 12 Choose the underlined part which needs correcting. 1. I don’t know the name of the woman whom I spoke on the phone. 2. Although his tiredness, he walked to the office. 3. Are you the kind of person whom are shy around people? 4. Because of heavy rain, we went on a picnic. 5. He is over seventy although he still wants to continue working.

13 13 Homework  Make two sentences using defining relative clause and two with non-defining relative clause.  Make two sentences with although.