Flowering class: Dicot
Habit: Tree
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Aconceveibum trinerve Miq. |
| synonym | Croton coccineus Vahl, nom. illeg. |
| synonym | Croton distans Benth., nom. nud. |
| synonym | Croton montanus Willd. |
| synonym | Croton philippensis Lam. |
| synonym | Croton punctatus Retz., nom. illeg. |
| synonym | Echinus philippensis (Lam.) Baill. |
| synonym | Macaranga stricta (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg. |
| synonym | Mallotus bicarpellatus T.Kuros. |
| synonym | Mallotus philippensis tomentosus Gamble |
| synonym | Mallotus philippensis var. microphyllus Müll.Arg. |
| synonym | Mallotus philippensis var. reticulatus (Dunn) F.P.Metcalf |
| synonym | Mallotus reticulatus Dunn |
| synonym | Mappa stricta Rchb.f. & Zoll. |
| synonym | Rottlera affinis Hassk. |
| synonym | Rottlera aurantiaca Hook. & Arn. |
| synonym | Rottlera philippensis (Lam.) Scheff. |
| synonym | Rottlera tinctoria Roxb. |
| synonym | Rottlera tinctoria var. monstruosa Ham. ex Dillwyn |
| synonym | Tanarius strictus (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Kuntze |
🗒 Common Names
| Assamese |
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| Bengali |
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| English |
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| Hindi |
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| Irula |
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| Kannada |
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| Malayalam |
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| Marathi |
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| Other |
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| Sanskrit |
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| Tamil |
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| Telugu |
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| bodo |
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📚 Overview
Diagnostic Keys
Fruits lobed, Style 3, fruits red glanded, trilobed
Sanjib Barua
| Attributions | Sanjib Barua |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Description
Habit: A medium-sized tree, upto 8m.
Keystone Foundation
| Attributions | Keystone Foundation |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Tree, style 3-4, connate at base
Sanjib Barua
| Attributions | Sanjib Barua |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Dioecious trees, to 12 m high, bark 4-5 mm thick, pale brown; branchlets, young leaves and inflorescence tawny or rusty pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate; stipules lateral, cauducous; petiole 7-60 mm long, stout, swollen at base, fulvous-pubescent with 2 small sessile glands on each side of the submit; lamina 5-20 x 2-8 cm, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base acute or round, apex acuminate or acute, margin entire or sparsely serrate, glabrous above, greyish pubescent to fulvous tomentose with minute red glands beneath; coriaceous; 3-ribbed from base; lateral nerves upto 6 pairs, pinnate, ascending, prominent, intercostae scalariform, prominent. Flowers unisexual, brick red, in rusty puberulous, terminal spicate panicles; male flowers: 4.5 mm across; tepals 4, lanceolate, stamens many; female flowers: 4 mm across, tepals 3 or 4, thicker than in males, ovate-lanceolate; ovary with red glands, superior, 3-celled, ovules one in each cell; styles 3, to 3.5 mm long, papillose. Fruit a capsule, 7-8 mm across, globose, 3-lobed, loculicidally 3 valved, densely red-glandular, pubescent; seeds 1-4, globose, glabrous, black.
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
📚 Natural History
Cyclicity
Flowering and fruiting: October-March
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Fl. & Fr.-January -March.
Sanjib Barua
| Attributions | Sanjib Barua |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Reproduction
Seeds
Sanjib Barua
| Attributions | Sanjib Barua |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Life Expectancy
15 Years
Sanjib Barua
| Attributions | Sanjib Barua |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Morphology
Growth Form
Tree
Flower
In (sub)terminal panicles, densely rusty glandular. Flowering from January-March and June-September.
Fruit
A smooth, 3-valved, capsule, dark red, rusty granular and glandular; seeds globose, black, 3 in each capsule. Fruiting throughout the year.
Field tips
Leaves 3-nerved from base.
Leaf Arrangement
Alternate-spiral
Leaf Type
Simple
Leaf Shape
Ovate-lanceolate
Leaf Apex
Acute-acuminate
Leaf Base
Acute-rounded
Leaf Margin
Entire to sparsely serrate
Keystone Foundation
| Attributions | Keystone Foundation |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Small tree, upto 15 m high; stem of flowering twig is hispid; leaves alternate, lanceolate, petioled, entire, apex acute, base otuse, basal veins 3, adaxially green sometimes with some spotted white powdery substances, glabrous, abaxially glaucous; lamina 7-15.5 x 3-7.5 cm; petiole 1.7- 6.1 cm long and 0.2 cm in diameter; inflorescence terminal, developing female inflorescence 4-8 cm long, matured 6-11 cm long with fruit; female flowers sessile, distinct 3 greenish-yellow style, connate at the base, distinct ovary; calyx 4 lobed, brown, pubescent, 0.4 x 0.4 cm; fruits 3-lobed structure, ca. 0.8 x 0.8 cm, covered with white glands in immature stage, completely red and spotted white glands in mature stage; style 3, persistant, 0.4 cm long; seeds 3, round, 0.4 x 0.4 cm, white in immature, black on mature with white endosperm.
Sanjib Barua
| Attributions | Sanjib Barua |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Semi-evergreen, moist deciduous, evergreen and dry deciduous forests, also in the plains
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Forested areas, open places
Sunny area
Sanjib Barua
| Attributions | Sanjib Barua |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Common on slopes, by shola borders in forest clearings. Found mostly in scrub and deciduous forest types. Hills above 800m, Western Himalayas and Peninsular India, Western and Eastern Ghats.
Keystone Foundation
| Attributions | Keystone Foundation |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Description
Global Distribution
Indo-Malesia and Australia
Indian distribution
State - Kerala, District/s: All Districts
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Found on slopes and shola borders and forest clearings above 800m. Common. India, Sri Lanka to Malesia and N.Australia.
Keystone Foundation
| Attributions | Keystone Foundation |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Global Distribution
India: Andaman & Nicobar Island, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu
Local Distribution
Throughout Assam
Global Distribution
AUSTRALIA, CHINA, MALAYA
Local Distribution
Throughout tropical India
Sanjib Barua
| Attributions | Sanjib Barua |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Risk Statement
Not at risk
Sanjib Barua
| Attributions | Sanjib Barua |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Protection Legal Status
Common in forest
Sanjib Barua
| Attributions | Sanjib Barua |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
System of Medicines Used In
Homoeopathy
Ayurveda
Folk medicine
Siddha
Unani
Medicinal
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
| Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
The capsules are a chief source for the extraction of orange dye (Kamela). The wood is used as fuel. The fruit and leaves are used in numerous herbal preparations.
Keystone Foundation
| Attributions | Keystone Foundation |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
System Of Medicines Used In
Ayurveda, Homoeopathy, Folk medicine, Unani, Siddha
FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1370
| Attributions | FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1370 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
References
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1370
- Croton philippensis Lam., Encycl. 2: 206. 1786.
- Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34: 196. 1865; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 442. 1887, "philippinensis"; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 1322(924). 1925; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 260. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 369. 1984; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 342. 1985; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 422. 1988; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 363. 1989; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 722. 1990; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 433. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 420. 1994; Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 342. 1995; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 408. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 291. 1997; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 629. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 375. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 287. 1999; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 294. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 612. 2002; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 450. 2005; N.P.Balakr. & Chakrab., Fam. Euphorbiaceae India 150. 2007; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 640. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 744. 2009.
- Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. var. tomentosus Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 1322(924). 1925; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 450. 2005.
Information Listing > References
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1370
- Croton philippensis Lam., Encycl. 2: 206. 1786.
- Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg., Linnaea 34: 196. 1865; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 442. 1887, "philippinensis"; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 1322(924). 1925; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 260. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 369. 1984; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 342. 1985; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 422. 1988; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 363. 1989; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 722. 1990; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 433. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 420. 1994; Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 342. 1995; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 408. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 291. 1997; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 629. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 375. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 287. 1999; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 294. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 612. 2002; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 450. 2005; N.P.Balakr. & Chakrab., Fam. Euphorbiaceae India 150. 2007; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 640. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 744. 2009.
- Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. var. tomentosus Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 1322(924). 1925; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 450. 2005.
Butterflies of the myristica swamp forests of Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary in the southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India
Jo
Journal of Threatened TaxaFirst definitive record of a whip scorpion Labochirus tauricornis (Pocock, 1900) from Goa, India: with notes on its morphometry and pedipalp micro-morphology
Jo
Journal of Threatened TaxaFoliicolous fungi on medicinal plants in Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, India
Jo
Journal of Threatened TaxaUTILIZATION OF ETHNO-VETERINARY MEDICINAL PLANTS IN HASSAN DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA, INDIA
DG
Dr. G. M. Prashanth KumarFloristic diversity of the Indian Cardamom Research Institute campus, Myladumpara, Western Ghats, India
Jo
Journal of Threatened TaxaFloristic diversity of Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, northern Western Ghats, Maharashtra, India
Jo
Journal of Threatened TaxaThe conservation status of Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. var. saharanpurensis (Thoth.) Thoth. (Fabaceae), a climber endemic to Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Journal of Threatened TaxaA checklist of the flowering plants of Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Journal of Threatened TaxaTree species diversity in the Eastern Ghats of northern Andhra Pradesh, India
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Journal of Threatened TaxaVascular plant diversity in the sacred grove of Modapalli in Viskhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh, India
Jo
Journal of Threatened TaxaDiversity, distribution pattern and seasonal variation in moth assemblages along altitudinal gradient in Gangotri landscape area, Western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India
Jo
Journal of Threatened TaxaCEPF Western Ghats Special Series: Black mildews of Kodagu, Karnataka, India
Jo
Journal of Threatened TaxaRobust Trapdoor Tarantula Haploclastus validus Pocock, 1899: notes on taxonomy, distribution and natural history (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Thrigmopoeinae)
Jo
Journal of Threatened TaxaAntiaris toxicaria (Moraceae) - a new distribution record to the Eastern Ghats
Jo
Journal of Threatened TaxaArborescent Angiosperms of Mundanthurai Range in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR) of the southern Western Ghats, India
SJ
Siddarth Jude MachadoRobust Trapdoor Tarantula Haploclastus validus Pocock, 1899: notes on taxonomy, distribution and natural history (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Thrigmopoeinae)
SY
Swara YadavDiversity, distribution pattern and seasonal variation in moth assemblages along altitudinal gradient in Gangotri landscape area, Western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India
YS
Yash SondhiNo Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Equisetopsida C. Agardh |
| Order | Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl |
| Family | Euphorbiaceae |
| Genus | Mallotus |
| Species | Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
👥 Groups
